Internal and External Business Stakeholders Essay

In 1963 an internal memorandum issued at the Stanford Research Institute used the term â€Å"stakeholders† for the first time and defined the word as â€Å"those groups without whose support the organization would cease to exist†(Boundless, paragraph1). Now it generally includes anyone who has an interest or â€Å"stake† in a business or entity. There are two types of stakeholders: internal stakeholders, those within an organization that have an interest in the business, and external stakeholders, those with an interest in the business outside of an organization. Internal stakeholders include owners, employees, managers, and stockholders, those who are directly affected by the success or failure of a business’ decisions. The owners and stockholders are the ones who have the most to gain or lose depending on how the business fares in the market. They’re the ones who put their money into an idea to create the business and should it fail, they’d lose that investment. The managers and employees, similarly, would lose benefits, rewards, or even their jobs completely should it fail. Since these have the most to lose, they’re the one who work the hardest to make sure the business succeeds. External stakeholders, customers, creditors, suppliers, the government, etc., are also affected by the success of a business. If the business is doing well, the customer is able to get good quality products and/or services at sensible prices, creditors get paid back the loan they gave the business, and suppliers keep selling their products to the business, thus keeping them in business as well. When the business is up and running, stakeholders need to collaborate and each plays their own part with each other to keep the business successful. The owners and creditors need to supply the financial backing, the employees need to sell the products or services to the consumers with excellent customer service, the suppliers need to distribute and deliver their products promptly and professionally, and the customers need to continue to buy the products or services while providing constructive feedback. When these stakeholders interact without confusion or miscommunication, the business runs smoothly and they all gain something from working together. No matter what the business sells or provides, if there’s contact with any human being, and there always is, then there are by definition â€Å"stakeholders† in the company.  Without them, there would be no products or services offered to the consumer and there wouldn’t be a business in the first place. Source: Boundless. â€Å"Business Stakeholders: Internal and External.† Boundless Accounting. Boundless, 14 Nov. 2014. Retrieved 19 Jan. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/accounting/textbooks/boundless-accounting-textbook/introduction-to-accounting-1/overview-of-key-elements-of-the-business-19/business-stakeholders-internal-and-external-117-6595/

Platos theory of justice Essay

Finding these two phrases, however, is hardly enough to get a clear sense of what justice is. Plato offers two main analogies to examine the definition of justice. The division of parts in the soul as well as the parts of the state; We would now examine the structure of the soul. The soul is divided into three parts, the appetitive, spirited and the rational. By the account of the parts of the soul we are shown how a soul has different wills, yet in order for a soul to stay in the just path it must have some sort of hierarchy. Plato describes the spirited part as the courageous ally of the rational part which has the control over the appetitiveve part. The state is also divided into three types of people, the workers, soldiers and the rulers. It is obvious that that sort of division seems awkward when placed over our own capitalist society. We must keep in mind that in the republic that Plato is describing each individual is directed by vast education and the utmost care towards the work he could do with excellence. The children in the republic are separated from their parents at birth and therefore get the same equal chance of becoming workers or rulers without any prejudice regarding their upbringing or family background, rather, they are evaluated personally, purely according to their natural qualities. The division of people into pre-determined types in the state is assumed to be done truthfully, according to their natural abilities. To soldiers who cannot understand what possessing wisdom means (because they lack it) or to workers that lack both courage and wisdom, Plato uses the â€Å"noble lie†. That is the idea that mother nature creates people out of three materials, gold, silver and bronze when obviously the golden people are fit to rule, the silver are fit to guard and the bronze are best naturally fitted to work. Both the accounts have a similar structure, Plato claims that justice is the same in the soul and in the state. The resemblance suggests that both the workers and the appetitive share the virtue of moderation for they have to be moderate in their desires. Both the guardians and the spirited share the virtue of courage in order to guard the whole. Finally, both the ruler and  the rational share the virtue of wisdom in order to control the workers and the appetitive, with the help of the guardians/spirited, all in one goal that is the good of the whole state/soul. What Plato claims is that a king could rule in a just manner, therefore maintain justice, only if he has knowledge of the true form of justice. That is, true knowledge of the forms. The forms represent the ultimate truth, the way things really are in a more knowledgeable sight then the one offered by science. Once acquiring this knowledge of the forms, and only then, can a ruler be fit to rule in a wise manner for he is abl e to truly put the interest of the whole as his own. Thus, ruling in a manner where justice exists and is carefully preserved. In his theory of justice, Plato defines justice in the two ways we have examined earlier. Supporting those definitions by the parts in the state and the soul and their interaction. The way justice should be is shown clearly both in the state and n the soul and then comes the claim regarding the philosopher-king which is the only combination of a ruler that is fit to rule both in the sense of a just state or a just soul. Critical analysis of platos theory of justice: 1.It lays great stress on duties and has no regard for rights. 2.It divides the society into three classes which is impossible now. 3.Platos unity through uniformity is not stable. 4.It is rigid as it is based on functional specialisation and one man one work throughout life. 5.It stands for non-interference but it is impossible for a ruler not to interfer in the affairs of the subject. 6.Platos justice with communism of property and wives ignore the fundamental human psychology.

A Brief History Of Emirates Marketing Essay

A Brief History Of Emirates Marketing Essay In 1974, three years after independence, the rulers of the UAE decided to establish a joint flag carrier: Gulf Air. However, a tense relationship between the airline and the Dubai government existed ever since its inception, as the latter re fused to give in to Gulf Air’s demands to abandon its open-skies policy. In reaction, Gulf Air reduced frequencies and capacities to and from Dubai by more than two thirds between 1984 and 1985 without advance notice (Wilson 2005). Since foreign carriers proved unable or unwilling to fill the gap, Dubai’s then ruler, Sheik Mohammed bin Rashid Al-Maktoum, convened a team of experts – headed by Maurice Flanagan and later joined by Tim Clark and the ruler’s then 26- year old son, Sheik Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum – to devise an emergency plan. The group’s recommendation to set up a home carrier for Dubai was quickly accepted by the ruler, but he imposed two conditions: The new airline should meet the highest quality standards and there would be no additional capital injections from the government other than the agreed USD 10 million start-up capital. On October 25th, 1985, Emirates’ first flight departed to Karachi, using an A300, wet-leased from Pakistan International Airlines. The rest is history: in 1987, Emirates began to serve it first two European destinations – London Gatwick and Frankfurt -, from 1995, it has operated an all wide body fleet, and in 2001, 2003 and 2005 Emirates placed some of the largest aircraft orders ever. As of October 2007, Emirates’ route network extends to 91 destinations on all continents. In its last business year, ending March 31st, 2007, the airline transported 17.5 million passengers and 1.2 million tons of cargo on 102 aircraft. Currently, 118 aircraft are on firm order (of which 20 will be all-freighters), including 55 A380 and 43 B777. 1.2 The Emirates Group Emirates Airlines (including its cargo subsidiary Emirates SkyCargo) is only one division of the Emirates Group, a state-owned globally active travel and tourism conglomerate, which provides a plethora of aviation related ancillary services. Finally, the Emirates Group owns 43.6 percent of Sri Lankan Air lines. 1.3 The Dubai Government’s aviation- Related Activities Viewed from an even higher level of aggregation, the Emirates Group, in turn, is only one element in a comprehensive bundle of aviation-related activities, all of which come under the responsibility of Sheik Ahmed bin Saeed Al-Maktoum: (1) The Dubai World Central Consortium (activity: to build Jebel Ali Airport City including Dubai’s new mega-airport) (2) Dubai’s Department of Civil Aviation (activities: all aviation-related regulatory functions, operator of DXB airport, of Dubai Duty Free and Dubai Cargo Village) (3) Dubai Aerospace Enterprise (activities: aircraft leasing, airport planning and management, consulting, maintenance and aviation-related education and tr aining). Marketing Strategy Mission â€Å"An effective mission statement defines the fundamental, unique purpose that sets a business apart from other firms of its type and identifies the scope of the business’s operations in product and market terms. It is an enduring statement of purpose that reveals an organization’s product or service, markets, customers, and philosophy.† (John A. Pearce II & Fred David, 2006). Emirates Airlines or rather Emirates Group mission statement is simply â€Å"Committed to the highest standards in everything we do.† Being a vast enterprise by itself – Emirates group – the group has been quiet successful in embodying the mission of â€Å"committing to the highest standard† onto its one of its two core corporation (Emirates Airlines) – the other being DNATA, by marketing the brand of Emirates as the pinnacle emblem or a luxury standard throughout the world as an emerging Global Brand.

Different essays Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Different essays - Essay Example Therefore, they mate with members from a diverse population. Thus, a new species may develop (Alcamo & Schweitzer, 2011). It implies evolution is devoid of have a particular goal that it intends to realize (Simon, 2015). They just evolve meaning they have a capability of changing their structure and reacts on the problems the environment presents at the specific times (Simon, 2015). For evolution to occur, mutation has to take place though it is an extremely slow progression and cannot be rapidly (Simon, 2015). The genes may shift from one population to another and the nonrandom mating may occur quickly but the generic drift occurs by chance randomly. Therefore, it might take a while before this happens. Moreover, selection varies in different genotypes. It may take a while for individuals in a population to be varied (Simon, 2015). Some bacteria have a mutation that makes them possible to survive the penicillin (Simon, 2015). Moreover, the administration of the penicillin changes the environment in which the bacteria reside. The bacteria with resistance genes will survive this new environment. The resistance genes pass over to several generations due to natural selection (Simon, 2015). Due to the usage of penicillin for many generations, the resistant bacteria increase over time. This makes penicillin less effective (Simon,

Mergers and Acquisitions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mergers and Acquisitions - Essay Example Man has always tried to conquer the unconquerable and do the undo able this is the same factor that drives the companies into the abyss of the unknown (Allan and Michael, 2010). In a bid to outdo and outsmart the competitors and get the upper hand of strategic advantages, companies cannibalise other companies or in some cases form understanding relationship. It is done either through merger and acquisition where one company either devours another one or decides to merge together and form a new entity (Andrews and Smith, 2006). A significant number of these mergers and acquisitions either goes smoothly whether the companies emerge victorious and successful in the process, while in other case the deal fails to get through, and the companies suffer massive financial damages (Debbage, 2004). a) Increased globalisation across the world has increased the number of across borders mergers and acquisitions around the world. The authors of the article named 'Dubious Logic of Global Mega-Merger s’, argue that most of the time the megamergers that take place, does not substantiate into something extra ordinary, as was thought to be. The article represents how the mega companies are still living under the shadows of the age old theory of the capitalists (Benner and Sandstrom, 2012). Most of the mighty and strong companies in and around the world strongly believe that the prevalence of one can only be guaranteed, if the prevalence of the others can be weakened. For example most of the big companies resort to constant and innumerable number of mergers and acquisitions in order to stay big and strong. The mergers and acquisitions have increased transfer of knowledge, transfer of resources, transfer of economy and even transfer of culture (Caoello and Gillesaie, 2003). This have helped to bridge the gap between the nations, between the companies and the between the various industrial sectors as well. So it can be argued that globalisation has led to concentration of compa nies (Chiefele, 2012). As companies engage in innumerable cases of mergers and acquisitions the length and breadth of the industry begins to get shortened. Thus slowly the industry begins to shrink and thus there remains only limited number of players. These players happen to call the shots. This argument is favoured by various researchers. Although the authors Cravens (2010) state that in reality there is no cause and effect relationship between globalisation and mergers and acquisitions. In fact globalisations after the World War II has lead to decreased concentration in certain industrial sectors. Companies engage in engage in merger and acquisition to take advantage of the economy of scale. Apart from that the other advantages are transfer of technical know-how, sharing of intellectual resources and other strategic advantages (Xu, 2000). The authors are right in their view that the history of merger and acquisitions is strewn with numerous failures but close review of the failur es will indicate that the failures were partly due to the management incompetency (David, James and Arthur, 2011). Due to incompetency, the management of the acquiring companies could not evaluate the exact economic value and the subsequent risks. Despite the fact that the history of mergers and acquisitions are riddled with innumerable failures but there are various successes stories also. The following table

Midterm assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Midterm - Assignment Example They are the key elements that lead to so much variation in the physical and chemical conditions of different habitats. Temperature: It is one of the most relevant environmental factors controlling the type of organism that the ecosystem will support. The average temperature on land varies seasonally, decreases progressively from the equator towards the poles and from plains to the mountain tops. Temperature plays a very significant role in the metabolism and survival of the organisms. Water: Next to temperature, water is the most important factor influencing the life of organisms. The productivity and distribution of plants is also heavily dependent on water. For example, in deserts where water availability is very limited, only organisms with special adaptations to conserve water alone will be able to survive. Light: Sunlight is the main source of energy for the ecosystem and for the process of photosynthesis, by which plants produce food, can take place only in the presence of sun light. For many animals too, light is important in that they use the diurnal and seasonal variations in light intensity and duration (photoperiod) as cues for timing their foraging, reproductive and migratory activities. Biotic Factors The biotic components include all living organisms like plants, animals, fungi and bacteria of the ecosystem. The biotic components including the pathogens, parasites, predators and competitors – of the organism interact constantly with the abiotic factors of the environment for their survival. The biotic components modify their responses to changes in abiotic factors and maintain the balance of the ecosystem. 2. What is ecosystem function - in other words how does an ecosystem work? Ans. The components of the ecosystem are seen to function as a unit through the following aspects: (i) Productivity (ii) Decomposition (iii) Energy flow; and (iv) Nutrient cycling. The green plants known as the Producers or autotrophs trap the solar energy and conv ert simple inorganic materials into complex organic compounds or food. All animals depend on plants (directly or indirectly) for their food needs. They are hence called consumers or heterotrophs. The interdependency of organism for the requirement of food leads to food chain or food web. Based on the source of their nutrition or food, organisms occupy a specific place in the food chain that is known as their trophic level. The solar energy captured by plants flows through different organisms or different trophic levels of an ecosystem. The Organisms at each trophic level depend on those at the lower trophic level for their energy demands. When any organism dies it is converted to detritus or dead biomass that serves as an energy source for decomposers. Decomposers secrete digestive enzymes that breakdown dead and waste materials into simple, inorganic materials, which are subsequently absorbed by them. 3. Use the Diablo Range as an example of an intact ecosystem – Describe th e Diablo Range's abiotic and biotic components (including the Diablo Range location, topography, climate, plant communities, mammals & other organisms found there). Give details for each! Ans. Diablo mountain range is a classical example of an intact ecosystem. It is located in the eastern San Francisco Bay area south to the Salinas Valley area of northern California, the United

In vitro Fertilization Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

In vitro Fertilization - Term Paper Example excess of embryos being wasted every year. Some of the ethical considerations have also been taken under evaluation which is associated with IVF. Lastly, the ethical undertakings will be elaborated in the context of moral absolutism, relativism plurality, ethical egoism and utilitarianism. In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) has become one of the smarter ways through which non-productive women can now give birth with healthy pregnancy. It is basically a method which enables reproduction of human pregnancy externally (outside the body). The method that is applied for pregnancy in IVF involves the man’s sperm and woman’s egg is combined together within the laboratory setting. Once the reaction between the woman’s egg and man’s sperm takes place, the reacting embryo is transferred to the uterus of woman by a surgical process. The procedure is conducted under planned time frame which cannot afford any delays or mishandling (Sher, Davis, & Stoess, 2005). Apparently, a lot of critics have mentioned that IVF is an easy method which has been contested by IVF practitioners. IVF is a complex process that involves systematic procedure for undergoing pregnancy. The processes that are involved in the IVF process includes following systematic steps: This step involves drugs that are especially given to women so that multiple eggs can be produced. This allows the ovaries to produce multiple eggs that are in a continuous yet natural cycle. This step is very important to note because this has a special association with the conflict of frozen embryos. The need of more than one cell is because not all eggs can be used for fertilization. Thus, more than one egg is produced in the IVF method of pregnancy (Bonnicksen, 1989). The second step involves the retrieval of the eggs from the woman’s body. This step does not take long as this based upon surgical method of retrieval of eggs. This step also undergoes the filtration of the

Professional Article Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Professional Article Review - Essay Example The present study aims to investigate the long term impacts of MPH on ADHD affected children and comparative affect of academic intervention along with other covariates age, sex, IQ etc. The study involved 85 children with ADHD and within the age group of 5-12 years. Baseline assessments included Wide range achievement test-revised (WRAT-R), parent and teacher rating of ADHD symptoms and academic achievement, estimated intellectual ability, OCHS academic and psychosocial ratings, duration of medication and academic support. Post baseline assessments, children were randomly assigned to MPH treatment and placebo group in a double blind trial, the treatment group administered with a gradually rising dose of 5mg/administration to reach a target dose of 0.7mg/Kg body weight. Treatment was followed for 12 months keeping other conditions uniform, and the assessments done at baseline were repeated after the 12 month treatment period. Regression analysis was done to estimate academic performa nce one for each subset of WRAT-R and for parent and teacher ratings with baseline covariates and total treatments as variables. The results indicated that neither medication nor academic interventions could be attributed to significant improvement in academic performance compared to baseline values. Critical Evaluation Studies on ADHD lack evidences of mechanism of associations between academic underachievement and ADHD and stimulants have been recommended based on short term trials showing positive impacts on symptoms in general. However, the authors rightly claim that data for long term and cumulative impact of MPH is unavailable. The procedure followed by the authors is exhaustive involving baseline and post treatment assessments which are both subjective as well as objective. The explanations to the assessments, their design are either complete or are properly referenced, so as to enable repeatability. Both WISC-R and Ontario Child Health Scale (OCHS) are established clinical t ool for IQ assessment of children with learning disabilities and ADHD. Objective ratings make the results easy to conduct and results specific. Crossing over among children from the placebo and treatment groups was allowed but records were maintained. These records helped in estimating the total time of medication which represented cumulative effects of MPH, and the medication status at end of trial was indicative of the current effect. The continuation of additional interventions in form of academic support in addition to randomization of parents to training or self help group along with cross design, ensured that the trial were highly naturalistic. While allowing for naturalistic design lead to lack of control on some important variables however the same was partially overcome by use of multiple regression analysis. The nature of academic support provided to the children was one very important variable. Regression analysis used also helped to overcome the loss in numbers due to cr ossing over during the study. Disparities in the results for objective and subjective assessments indicate that the efficacy of MPH is based on prejudices and is overrated. The author claims that medication does not have

Write Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Write Experience - Essay Example They deliver on time and follow our quality procedures, which our contract stipulated. Unfortunately, they have had lapses in their quality assurance procedures, due to a labor strike that affected their workforce. Because of this, the remaining workers were pressed to do more, which obviously, they could not achieve. Several employees admitted being too tired for the quality check procedures we had asked them to perform. On June 2, 2012, only one employee was present for quality checks, instead of three, and he worked double shifts. This affected his judgment and he missed checking several packages, which the CCTV also showed. Because of this, some of the ingredients that the supplier delivered had been contaminated and still delivered to us. At present, we are working with the supplier regarding this problem. They admitted their quality lapses and are willing to pay for the hospitalization and medical expenses of those who are affected. We also suspended our contract with them, until they could hire enough people for their quality management system. At present, we already contracted a new supplier, who agreed to our renewed meticulous quality standard system. In addition, we also assigned one of our staff to conduct additional quality checks. She is Mrs. Linda Ashcroft, a nutritionist and food technologist. She will be in charge of designing, assessing, and implementing food quality standards. She presently evaluated our delivery, storage, cooking, and service systems and provided recommendations that we will immediately implement. We also invited the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to conduct a monthly review of our food and service quality. They are willing to send representatives to perform regular inspections. We hope that through these efforts, we can regain your confidence in our restaurant. We will do better from this time forward and we will be become more critical of our quality standards and procedures, and subject our suppliers to the

Discussion Board Question for criminal justice Essay

Discussion Board Question for criminal justice - Essay Example If Simpson was poor and Caucasian, the likelihood of him being found guilty of murder is as high as they would be for a black of medium wealth. My views on race have changed after an analysis of the DNA structure of people from different races. This test revealed that, however different people of different race may appear, the differences in genetics between them are negligible. After this, I shall take the racial and ethnic differences as lightly as possible given that they are not determinants to anything in life. Unlike in the past, today’s society has drawn dividing lines between people of different illnesses, political orientation, sexuality and addictions. On the basis of sex, many women are prevented from attaining positions in society that they could comfortably fulfill without the barriers set up by society. Political affiliations also determine the success of an individual especially on a business perspective. In terms of illnesses, many of those suffering from lifestyle diseases such as diabetes and arthritis are secretly discriminated against. Those with addictions such as alcoholics and drug addicts are generally viewed as unfortunate members of society who cannot stand up for themselves in many ways. A course in Ethnic Groups and Minorities is of course necessary given that Obama’s rise to the top is one is a million story of a member of the minority groups breaking free of the stereotypes labeled against his group. Stereotypes have changed by a very small degree given that, even today, racial conflicts still show up in isolated cases. The discrimination in today’s society is more secretive as people fear being labeled as enemies of unity. The fact that America elected and African American to the presidency does not in any way mean that America is ready for elections to office of other minorities. Obama’s story is quite dramatic and his entry into the highest office on the land was aided by his having faced weaker

Definition of Data Warehousing Essay Example for Free

Definition of Data Warehousing Essay Search any resource (Books, Web Sites, Papers, etc.) to find three definitions for Data Warehousing. Include the detailed information (Title, authors and the source of the definitions. For example: â€Å"Data warehousing is a collection of decision support technologies, aimed at enabling the knowledge worker (executive, manager, analyst) to make better and faster decisions.† An overview of data warehousing and OLAP technology by S Chaudhuri, U Dayal, from ACM Sigmod record, Volume 26 , Issue 1 (March 1997) Pages: 65 – 74. 1. â€Å"A data warehouse is an integrated and time varying collection of data derived from operational data and primarily used in strategic decision making by means of online analytical processing (OLAP) techniques. † from â€Å"Conceptual data warehouse design† by B. Husemann, J. Lichtenberger, and G. Vossen. Page 1. 2. â€Å"A galactic data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process about any and all enterprise business processes and departments, and about the enterprise taken as a whole. A business process-oriented data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process about any and all business processes and their interactions with one another and the external world. A department-oriented data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, non-volatile collection of data in support of managements decision making process about any and all departments, and their interactions with one another and with the external world.† From DKMS Brief No. Six: Data Warehouses, Data Marts, and Data Warehousing: New Definitions and New Conceptions by Joseph M.Firestone. 3. â€Å"Physically, a data warehouse system consists of databases (source databases, materialized views in the data warehouse), data transport agents that ship data from one database to another, and a repository which stores meta data about the system and its evolution.† From Architecture and Quality in Data warehouses: An Extended Repository Approach by M. Jarke, M. A. Jeusfeld, C. Quix, and P. Vassiliadis. Provide a brief summary to compare the three definitions that you’ve found. Tell me which one is your favorite and why? The first definition explains the components of a data warehouse and also its functionality in a general way. The second definition explains the function of a data warehouse and its components specific to each kind of a data warehouse like decision making with respect to a business module. The third definition explains the components of a data warehouse but does not specify the functionality of a data warehouse. I prefer the second definition over the other two definitions.

Statement of Purpose Essay Example for Free

Statement of Purpose Essay My objective for graduate studies in Science is to prepare myself for the long term goal of pursuing a career in teaching and research. I have chosen to work in the area of Science which requires good Mathematical and Computer Science background. This decision will give me ample opportunity to consolidate my creative energies. My education suits this field as I have a Bachelor’s of Science with Honors in the field of Mathematics. I started teaching as soon as I finished BS (Honors) Mathematics in 2007. I taught Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science subjects to high school students, and greatly enjoyed this work. I live in Gujranwala, which is the seventh largest city of Pakistan. My surrounding has profound impacts on me. The social, economic and political instability in the region has stimulated me to play my part in the development of the people. Teaching gives me a sense of constructive participation in the region by giving others an intellect and funneling their energies in the constructive direction. At undergraduate level, I have studied courses both, analytical as well as numerical methods for Mathematical Modeling and Simulation, and Numerical Solutions of Ordinary Differential Equations and Partial Differential Equations with Analytical solutions. I have learned and developed capabilities of programming using C/C++, Matlab and Mathematica. Moreover I have studied subjects in Physics, Mechanics, Quantum Mechanics, Fluid Mechanics, Analytical Dynamics and Computer Networks. Pakistan is a developing country with insufficient experts in science. To serve the needs of this industry, science needs to be developed and used. Thus conditions here are very conducive towards an application of my aspirations, when I return after completing my graduate studies. I would consider it my privilege to be able to pursue my graduate studies in Sweden and avail the excellent infrastructural facilities and research opportunities offered by university. I am sure that the stimulating academic environment and interaction with the distinguished faculty at university will prove immensely fruitful and facilitate my development as an individual researcher in my field.

Client Server Network Architecture Essay

Client Server Network Architecture Essay Abstract This report is about the client server network architecture in which each computer or process on the network is either a client which is low end computer which request services and or a server which is high end powerful computer which is highly capable of providing services to many different clients at the same time. The task which servers performs are like managing disk drives which are called file servers, managing printers which are called print servers or managing network data traffic known as network server. Clients are PCs which require or use these facilities from servers which include sharing files, printers, storage and sometimes processing. All the clients and servers in a network communicate by using different protocols which are set of rules or standards which govern the communication between any computers or devices connected in a network. This client server architecture is also known as two-tier architecture.(1) Introduction The advent of personal computers gave birth to the idea of client/server architecture. Before personal computers, programs were written for mainframes. Software written for mainframes was often coded in a monolithic format that is the user interface, business logic and data access functionality are all contained in a single application. Because the entire application ran within the mainframe this was not a problem.(2) Client/server model, needed to share many kind of services. As time passed the need of these services increased so servers also evolved. Many clients started sharing services of common server. Example can be of our web browser which is a client and requests services from web server like web pages or files. This is sometime also knows as Hyper Text Transfer Protocol server (HTTP) also for computer to make requests like a client Transfer Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) and for transfer of files over internet File Transfer Protocol (FTP).Protocols are set of rules or standard that which governs the communication of two or more nodes in a network.(3) The relationship between two computer programs in which one program makes a request and other which provide the required service is called a client/server relationship. It is a backbone of interconnection of two or more programs or computers anywhere across the network. Example could be an ATM machine in which we send request for balance check or money withdrawal and through this machine which is like a client and bank has supercomputers which acts as servers and the transaction are handled by them and result is sent back to the client to display in front of user.(4) Client Server Architecture has two common architectural models. The two tier and the three tier architecture. In two tier architecture the application will be on the server instead of client because server has more disk space and power as compare to PC also the data will also be in server along with the application. In three-tier architecture the load is divided between two different servers instead of putting load on one and jamming other clients. These servers are database server and application server. The data and application are divided between these servers. Client would only request and display data. In this tier more manageable and less contention system for resources will be available because each server will be used either to process data or application requests.(6) Literature Review In modern world because of rapid changes in user requirements and increasing amount on daily basis of users sharing data among them the needs of faster and better network system growing tremendously companies are bound to upgrade their system every six months. Now Hures is also facing same problems. This is very common problem in any company because of the rapid development of business systems so to cater these problems any company should keep this in mind while developing new system is that they may need to upgrade very soon. Hures analyst did not plan the future scenarios properly and because that even internal and external environment is affecting the company. The business is affected by many changes like political, social and technological. Client/Server technology is often introduced for flexibility of coping with these changes. However it comes with its own challenges which we will discuss here. Client/Server is built on three basic building block they are client which is a small or less capable hardware or software then middleware which is a software which lies in between and server more powerful then client. The first block client runs different applications on its operating system which provides graphic user interface. Clients could have web browser for example as an application requesting services now operating system transfers these request to the middleware. Client also runs a DSM (Distributed System Management) it could be simple element to the entire front-end managing application. Middleware is application which has three categories: transport stack, network operating system (NOS) and server-specific middleware. It runs on both the client and the server. It also have DSM like clients and is the backbone of client/server architecture. Server is typically intelligent software or hardware it runs some application to make an interface with middleware. Server consists of five main components SQL database, TP Monitors, groupware , object and the web. Server also has DSM in it which can be a simple agent or entire back-end of the system. The Distributed System Management application runs on every node in the Client/Server network. The additional server like email could be used depending on size and usage of the network. Hures could also use similar OS in all workstations it also plays very important part in Client/Server. Same OS on all sides in network can reduce a lot of problems and it will increase server efficiency and will cause less strain on servers. The Alternative architecture which could overcome Hures problem can be client queue client or another one called peer to peer architecture. Client queue client Architecture is also called passive queue Architecture. In Client queue client all points including servers are simple clients. It was developed to continue on traditional Client Server Architecture. In this they were trying to make one client as a server for different clients to multiply the usage for clients. Hures could benefit from this track and order number of clients for better efficiency also there will be better resources distribution and sharing. Example is search engine which uses spidering for faster and better results. Peer-to-Peer Architecture rather than focusing on power of server it distinguishes itself by distributing power and function. It depends totally on bandwidth and power of different nodes in the network. This architecture goes against previous client server architecture where there is one central server it replaces it with nodes which function as clients and servers simultaneously. Hures could use this architecture because due to its encapsulation it makes it easier to repair or upgrade without clients being affected and its more secure and easy to maintain. Intranet is one of the oldest and safest way for any company to have communication among themselves. It works just like website on internet. It gives you options to log ons to access only authorize data at your level in company. Most of the corporations use intranet for sharing important data among the employees. Intranet is a kind of network which is built by using same tools and protocols used by internet or World Wide Web (WWW) but is only restricted to the network of this company only. It uses same HTML, Java and CSS and also provide same database to store data within network server. Security features are fully customizable so its your preference whether you want to change password every 30 day or to set different accessibility for employee depending their post and work in the company. Any outside person trying to access company files will be blocked by firewalls. The Advantages of this internal network is that inside employees can do very important information interchange very quick and secure. It makes the data sharing more effective, easier and effective manner. It can also be used for internal applications such as newsletters, policy manuals, and price list etc. It can also gather information related to expense and programs that can help to transact application. As it is a private place on internet its safer and secured because only authority can access the website. The Disadvantages of this intranet to be considered would be like firstly it is very expensive to setup and maintain because a special team of people need to be hired and trained for handling the process of managing resources of this particular company and organizing them in the website. This process will also be very time consuming to develop and also the number of individual users would have to be considered in the overall budget for planning, designing, implementing. Also to maintain the quality, testing and maintenance needs to be done at all time. Obviously once whole site is developed now each user in company needs to be trained also how to use and set up your passwords which will also affect overall budget. It is very true that the popularity of intranet software and the internet pose threats towards traditional client/server system because intranet software have more advantages as compared to peer to peer or client/server architectures. It takes the most advantage of networking technology in the business world and because it enables us to take full use of wireless and internet technology at the same time it is the most flexible most secure and gives more privacy as compared to offered by traditional client/server system. As a result it is the most popular choice among many companies. However it is also very important to keep in consideration that even though intranet is the most popular and successfully used and accepted worldwide, there are still parts in the system or particular company which needs to use traditional client server system. As far as security is considered there are always threats to any open network system. To reduce the risk of infiltration from outside sources prope r monitoring of network on continues level is severely needed. The most important aspect of any company/corporation should be the network security. Cctv could be installed in various places to remotely monitor all the activities of users within the office and no one should be allowed to use their plug n play devices to any individual workstation. Maintaining the network integrity should be of the highest priority and could reduce the unplanned damages to revenue but again the cost of doing all these procedures will be substantial.

Essay example --

The year 1964 has been a very powerful time for the Civil Rights Movement. All the protests and fight for equality has been called for by activists all over America. There have been many films and music committed to show people that the country need to change and that discriminating against people is immoral. All the revolt against society and its norms have led to the important event, where on July 2, 1964 the Civil Rights Act was signed by President Johnson. In January 13, 1964 was the release of the song that supported for such an event was by Bob Dylan called The Times They Are A Changin’. The movie that also called out to people to change was Black Like Me, released in May 20, 1964. Due to the release of such songs and films, there was clearly an issue of inequality and injustice going on in America. The intolerance of people who aren’t white was rising especially in the south. The creation of the song and film hoped to open people eyes to what was going on in Ame rica. I think that the song and film helped society by making them realize that the Civil Rights Act needed to be passed and that the ways things were had to change. On the day of the signing of the Civil Rights Act by President Johnson, many historical events took place to make the bill pass. There were many non-violent supporters of the bill. From events such as the Montgomery bus boycott to Rosa Parks’ refusal to give up her seat in a bus and Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech. The Civil Rights Act was supposed to be signed by former President Kennedy but his assassination on November 1963, led to Johnson taking over for Kennedy. During the debate of the bill, whether it should be passed or not, there were much opposition to it from both the House ... ...ack Like Me in 1959, which was later made into a movie. The south didn’t take what Griffin wrote about the conditions the African American was facing lightly. They lashed out against Griffin and his family, who lived in Texas. They sent threats to Griffin and his family, they even went as far as burning an effigy of Griffin. It resulted in Griffin and his family moving to Mexico for a few years. I was surprised to find that Griffin was a strong supporter of racial equality, since he grew up in Texas and has lived there most of his life. In the film, Griffin explains how he fought in the Korean War and he tells the doctor, who was helping him get his skin darker, that he was blinded in the war and he regained his sight. During the time he was blinded, Griffin says, â€Å"when your blind there are no color differences and you see things differently and judge differently.†

Religious Symbolism in Grimms Rapunzel Essay -- Grimm Rapunzel Essays

Religious Symbolism in Grimm's Rapunzel  Ã‚   A fairy tale is seemingly a moral fiction, intended mainly for children. A lesson in critical analysis, however, strips this guise and reveals the naked truth beneath; fairy tales are actually vicious, logical and sexual stories wearing a mask of deceptively easy language and an apparent moral. Two 19th Century writers, the Grimm brothers, were masters at writing these exaggerated stories, bewitching young readers with their prose while padding their stories with allusion and reference: an example of which is "Rapunzel." Grimm's "Rapunzel" is packed with religious symbolism, which lends a new insight to the meaning of this classic story.    The relation between "Rapunzel" and the story of Christianity is apparent immediately as a result of the setting. The witch's garden is described as "a beautiful garden full of the finest vegetables and flowers," depicting perfectly the Garden of Eden from Genesis. Now, with the scene in place, the Grimm brothers begin further correlation between the two stories.    The witch, indicative of the serpent, tempts the mother and father with her rampion so that she might steal their child. In the story of creation, the serpent has the same idea in mind for Adam and Eve. The serpent knows that if man sins against God, he is unable to enter heaven and therefore must face the alternative, a life of eternal suffering in hell. In eating the forbidden fruit, the parents are cursing their child, humanity, to a life apart from God. But, just as with Adam and Eve, the parents must also endure earthly hardships, characterized by childbirth. In Genesis 3:17, Eve is cursed to bear children through intense pain; consequently, Rapunzel was born. ... ...shown through Rapunzel's response.    The witch learns of Rapunzel's interaction with the Prince and places her in the desert, and when the Prince climbs the tower to seek Rapunzel, he finds the witch waiting there for him. At this point, the witch's assumption and belief that she has won coincides perfectly with Satan's arrogance in believing that by killing Christ, he would forever have dominion over man. To the witch's dismay, the Prince hurls himself from the tower, putting out his eyes on the thorns below. This is symbolic of Christ's conscious sacrifice for humanity on the hills over Nazareth. The Prince wanders blindly through the desert, and, after several years, is reunited with his beloved Rapunzel. Ultimately, the story's happy ending is a realization of God's promise that through Jesus Christ, we are forgiven and find everlasting life.      

Male Attitude in Hurston’sTheir Eyes Were Watching God and Seraph on the Suwanee :: Their Eyes Were Watching God Essays

Male Attitude Towards Women in Hurston’s Novels, Their Eyes Were Watching God and Seraph on the Suwanee "‘Aw naw they don't. They just think they's thinkin'. When Ah see one thing Ah understands ten. You see ten things and don't understand one.'"(71) Joe Starks to Janie in Their Eyes Were Watching God "‘That shows the difference between me and you. I see one thing and can understand ten. You see ten things and can't even understand one.'"(261) Jim Meserve to Arvay in Seraph on the Suwanee While reading these two novels by Zora Neale Hurston, I noticed several metaphors, ideas, and lines that she uses in both texts. I think that the almost parallel lines quoted above are particularly telling of the way that these two novels relate in their depictions of male attitudes towards women and the relationships that exist between the husband and wife characters. Janie's marriage to Joe Starks in Their Eyes Were Watching God and Arvay's marriage to Jim Meserve in Seraph on the Suwanee both operate under the rubric of the male figure's ideas about what marriage and women should be and do. Within both of these marriages, the husband feels his wife is a possession that is to be provided for and cherished, yet not necessarily to be communed with. Joe embodies this sentiment throughout his marriage with Janie, placing her on a kind of pedestal where she can be seen, but not heard. Jim establishes his marriage under similar pretenses and verbally reiterates them throughout the novel, yet seems to evolve past them in a certain respect as he urges Arvay to take an active role in their love. In their patriarchal positions of authority, both Joe and Jim see themselves as wise, as "understanding ten things," whereas they view their wives as stupid and ungrateful, as unable to "understand even one thing." We can infer Joe's attitude towards women and marriage from several statements that he makes to Janie throughout their relationship. While he courts his future wife, Joe explains himself and his intentions: "‘Ah'm uh man wid principles. You ain't never knowed what it was to be treated lak a lady and Ah wants to be de one tuh show yuh. Call me Jody lak you do sometime'"(29). He then situates Janie's subservient and silent position within the marriage: "‘mah wife don't know nothin' ‘bout no speech-makin'. Ah never married her for nothin' lak dat.

Business, Government and Society

Odwalla, Inc. , the largest producer of fresh fruit and vegetable-based juices in the Western parts of United States, was founded in 1980 by three people Steltenpohl, his wife and a friend. Initially the business was started by a $200 worth of used juicer in the backyard of California from which it moved a step forward by transporting the juices to restaurants in the local vicinity. Gradually the business started expanding its distribution and production facilities by increasing its product lines as well as by acquiring other juice manufacturing companies. Growth of the company was financially backed by bank loans and private stock offerings.The strong marketing and product line helped in grasping consumer attention which further enhanced the company’s image. With intensive marketing, pricing, product innovativeness and creativeness of the value driven product line of the company it succeeded in completed its best-ever fiscal year in 1996 when sales reached about $59 million w hich were about 40 percent higher than the last year. Situation The company Odwalla Inc. has just celebrated its best fiscal year but is facing a health related issue with its products because of a virulent bacterium called E. coli 0157:H7 which causes food poisoning and other such stomach problems.This problem is especially very serious in infants and older people whose immune systems aren’t very strong. Although the overall class of this bacterium is present in the human intestinal tract and plays a helpful role in synthesizing vitamins and to suppress harmful bacteria. However some, especially E. coli 0157:h7, cause a lot of harm for a person producing a toxin which affects the inner lining of the gut. This type of bacteria lives in the intestine of animals like cows, sheep, deer etc. and thus infects the meat of the animal thus rendering it unhealthy for human consumption.This bacteria however also travels through fecal contamination of the food e. g. if a fruit falls fro m the tree and comes into physical contact with the manure of the infected animal the fruit then also carries the germs of this bacteria. This bacterium is also infected when a person doesn’t wash his hands after using the toilet and touches the food, which has to be later on consumed, by his unclean hands. It was initially believed that the bacterium cannot exist in acidic environment and so all the drinks especially those containing citrus acid were protected from this virus as their pH level is 4.3. These acidic drinks included apple and other such juices. However recently this concept went under a change when it was found that it can and does exist under a pH of 4. 0. This was known when some of the bacterium was found in acidic drinks which shouldn’t have been possible. After extensive research it was concluded that the bacteria must have undergone a mutation process because of which they can now exist even in acidic environment. The company Odwalla is very cautio us health and nutrition wise because of which the fruits are selected after careful analysis.The company recognized its values, vision and mission because of which a carefully designed plan is implemented to ensure that no unclean product goes into the manufacturing line. The fruits are carefully picked from the tree and no fallen fruit is accepted. Similarly the bin is checked and rechecked to see if any contact with the ground has been made. If there were any dirt or debris found the whole bin is rejected. Even after this careful handpicked selection the fruits are washed with a sanitizing solution of phosphoric acid and then scrubbed with whirling brushes.Later on all the juices are manufactured under strict hygienic conditions which aren’t to be compromised ever. Even after such careful analysis a few bacteria were found in some drinks which caused a huge amount of responsibility and tension for the company. Issue The company follows a strict code of conduct which ensures that the highest amount of product quality is delivered to the customers while maintaining the natural taste of the fruits. To deliver the promised quality and taste the company doesn’t pasteurizes its juices because of which the bacteria, if were present in the drink, couldn’t be finished.After the bacterium were found in the juices the company faced a serious problem dilemma as to what their course of action should be because they obviously didn’t wanted to lost their customers along with their profits but they did not want to risk the health of their customers as well. Even one health issue case was very big for them as they were socially and ethically a very responsible company. So now the company had to decide what to do. After a serious of meetings it was decided that the products affected by this bacteria would be called back.So in a record breaking speed the products were pulled back from the shelves until the company can find a way to kill the bacteria . This was a major decision which costed the company almost $5 million. Despite the financial loss the company’s main focus was on finding a way to eliminate this threat so that it wouldn’t harm the consumers. For this purpose investigations were conducted by the company and federal and state health authorities. The company after recalling the apple juice product also recalled back those products in which apple juice was used to further reduce risking consumer health.The company then sought to devise a plan which would reduce the risk as well as increase its sales and would help in the reintroduction of these products in the market. On a short term level the company thought it would be best if it only sold those products in which apple juice wasn’t an ingredient. For this the products in which apple juice was used were manufactured again without apple juice in them and were then sold in the market. But this procedure was only best for a short term purpose so as to reduce or minimize the effect of the losses however they couldn’t cut out apple juice as it was a major selling product of the company.Because of this the company decided to opt for flash pasteurization which is a modified form of pasteurization in which the juice is quickly heated to almost 160 degrees and then maintaining the temperature for a very short span of time so that the bacteria is killed. This reduces the actual taste somewhat but is still better than the pasteurized juice. This decision was made after careful analysis of the demands and wants of the consumer. Option Every dilemma has more than one option; similarly this issue had more than one option which the company could have selected.Regarding this case the company also had a series of actions from which it chose the best. The other options are as follows †¢ Discontinuing all apple juice products so that safety of the consumer is fully assured. This means that apple juice would have to be cancelled no t only as a product but as an ingredient from other products as well. This wasn’t a very feasible option as more than 80 percent of the revenue was generated because of the apple juice and cancelling it out from the product line would mean to cut or throw away the most profitable aspect of the business.†¢ The second option the company had was to improve its manufacturing processes and tighten all the rules and regulations to further ensure that no unsafe or unhygienic product goes through the production cycle and ends up as a juice product. This would mean more inspection and washes of the fruits. †¢ The third option is modifying label in a way which ensures that the consumer knows that the juices isn’t for infants or for older people. This way the infants and elder people would be safe because they are the most likely to get effected by the bacteria quiclkly.†¢ The fourth option the company can consider is to use standard pasteurization in which the jui ce is slowly heated to a certain temperature which is maintained for some time so that the bacteria are killed by the heat. This also increases the product life of the juice i. e. it will take longer for the product to be expired. But this type of method is not feasible as the company is highly focused on maintaining the quality and taste which is almost destroyed by this method. †¢ Using other alternatives technologies to remove the pathogens.These methods include a high pressure process which exerts a lot of pressure to cause the walls of the bacteria to explode. Other such methods include using electricity to kill bacteria and herbal antiseptic products etc. Recommendations The company showed a vast amount of ethical and social responsibility towards its customers throughout the dilemma. The company showed the problem in a very professional and morally upright way and according to my perception using flash pasteurization is a very good way to kill the bacteria because by thi s the actual taste of the product and quality is not lost.My recommendations for the company is that rather than just focusing on flash pasteurization the company should incorporate other options as well to make a perfect blend. The company should tighten and improve its production process so that no harmful substance is left. Overall I agree with the decisions of the organization and the way it solved the problem. Conclusion This case study is about a company Odwalla Inc. in which it faced serious problem in its product line despite having a very rigid and vigilant checking of the raw materials. Due to this bacterium some people fell critically ill and a girl even died.But nobody blamed the company because the company was doing its best to eradicate the bacteria and was helping the effected people in any way they can. The company even called back its products and then carried out a research as to what the customers wanted and finally thorough flash pasteurization they were able to solve out the problem. Overall the company showed immense amount of ethical and corporate standards while dealing with the problem. ? Bibliography Nestle. M. , 2003 Safe Food: Bacteria, Biotechnology, and Bioterrorism. Marion Nestle University of California Press

Acct Mid-Term Solutions Essay

Examination II volition select louver of the pursuance questions for the mid-term exam. You should be able to dissolving agent all of them. You may work together in study groups and analyze and resultant the questions. Obviously, the exam will be an singular effort.1Accounting and ControlThe ascendence of a bittie private college is complaining about the fox out of work she is required to do at the beginning of each month. The professor ship of the university requires the controller to submit a monthly dis acme by the fifth day of the following month. The monthly report contains pages of financial entropy from routines. The controller was heard saying, Why does the president need all this information? He probably doesnt read fractional of the report. Hes an old side professor and probably doesnt receipt the difference between a hail and a revenue. necessarya. What is the probable post of the monthly report?autonomic nervous carcass The monthly report is the report card for the Universitys internal ciphering system, these monthly reports ar a formal part of the Universitys information system, that provides data and knowledge for ending making (pg.2 of text). These reports ar part of a system of controls, these controls force the organization to account for their monthly transactions and the president postulate to know this so that he enkindle defend and reconcile the position of his company. These reports be useful to the president so that he mass manage the in-and-outflow of resources that keep the Universitys board members and employees interests aligned. For the president, the role of these monthly reports argon to provide information for necessary cookery and conclusion making and to also serve up motivate and monitor people in spite of appearance the university (pg. 3 of text).b. What is the controllers duty with respect to a president who doesnt know oftentimes accounting? autonomic nervous system It is the controllers resp onsibility to check up on the President understands what the reports say/symbolize and establish upon those results, sire suggestions on decisions. Their responsibilities involve ensure the reports are accurate, meet accounting standards by following accounting principles and procedures, and having a heavy fiducial understanding of the business so that the numbers in his report rank a story about the Universitys position in the market and the online state of its operational drivers (pg.10&11 of text).2Cost, Volume, net income AnalysisLeslie Mittelberg is turning the wholesaling of a leather old bag from Kenya. She must travel to Kenya to check on quality and transportation. The trip will embody $3000. The apostrophize of the old bag is $10 and exaltation to the United States can occur done the postal system for $2 per handbag or with a clog company which will ship a container that can hold up to a gm handbags at a woo of $ super C. The commitment company will str ike $ metre even if less than 1000 handbags are shipped. Leslie will try to make out the handbags to retailers for $20. Assume there are no other be and benefits.Requireda. What is the break-even foreshadow if shipping is through the postal system? Ans Break Even b detrimentom = Total Fixed Costs / (Unit terms Unit Variable Costs) BEP = $3000 / ($20 $12)= 375 handbagsb. How some social units must be sold if Leslie uses the payload company and she regards to nominate a gain ground of $1000? Ans Total taxation Total Costs= ProfitTR-TC=1000 $20x-($3000+$1000+$10x) =$1000$10x=$ vitamin D0 x=500 handbags.c. At what output level would the dickens shipping methods yield the same internet? Ans =TR-TC Freight =$10x-$4000 Postal =$8x-$3000 ( twainequations same unknown, enclothe equal 10x-4000=8x-3000( 2x=1000 ( x=500 handbagsd. Suppose a large discount store asks to vitiate an additional 1000 handbags beyond average sales. Which shipping method should be use and what is the minimum sales expense Leslie should consider in selling those 1000 handbags? Ans At a 1000 handbags, freight shipping should be utilise because the UVC to ship a bag would be $1 as opposed to $2 through postal. The minimum damage of the bag should cover Leslies VC just to break even, VC=10(1000)+1000=$11,000/1000bags = $11.00. 3Asset deputyThe Baltic caller is considering the purchase of a bare-assed machine tool to put back an obsolete one. The machine being used for the operation has a tax-basis book judge of $80,000, with an annual depreciation expense of $8,000. It has a resale value today of $40,000, is in better working order, and will last, physically, for at least(prenominal) 10 more years. The proposed machine will perform the operation so much more efficiently and Baltic engineers cipher that labor, material, and other direct costs of the operation will be reduced $60,000 a year if it is installed. The proposed machine costs $240,000 delivered and installed, and its frugal life is estimated at 10 years, with naught salvage value. The company expects to earn 14 percent on its investment later on taxes (14 percent is the business firms cost of capital). The tax rate is 40 percent, and the firm uses straight-line depreciation. Any gain or loss on the sale of the machine at retirement is subject to tax at 40 percent.Should Baltic buy the new machine?4Transfer PricesThe alpha grade of the Carlson social club manufactures product X at a variable cost of $40 per unit. of import Divisions fixed costs, which are sunk, are $20 per unit. The market legal injury of X is $70 per unit. important Division of Carlson Company uses product X to make Y. The variable costs to convert X to Y are $20 per unit and the fixed costs, which are sunk, are $10 per unit. The product Y sells for $80 per unit.Requireda. What reassign price of X causes divisional managers to make decentralized decisions that maximize Carlson Companys profits if each divisi on is treated as a profit center? Ans The minimum price Alpha can accept is $40+$20** = $40. The maximum Beta can pay is $80-$20-$10** or $60.**To have sunken fixed costs a firm would have to be run in the short-run, the sunken fixed costs are unrecoverable and are already paid, these costs shouldnt be considered when determine whether or not to shut down.The budge price must be set in such a focussing as to induce the both parties to make the transfer. In essence, the transfer price must give incentives to the Alpha Division to want to make the transfer and give incentives to the Beta Division to buy (b/c theyre both profit centers, decentralized decision makers). In other words, the following two constraints must be satisfiedAlphaTP $40 (variable cost)Beta DivisionTP $60 (selling price ($80) variable costs to complete ($20)) where TP = transfer price ( $40

Air Asia Strategic Management Recommendations Essay

IntroductionAn summary of the External surroundings would be d atomic number 53 so as to promote a grade comparison between the generic wine elements where tuneAsia has been founded in. The report be motility would delve into an internal analysis whereby the Porters 5 Forces would recapitulate the direct forces that would propel the flight path Industry and subsequently, bloodlineAsia itself. The capabilities and core competencies of the skiptary ho pur rile would be explained in greater detail towards the latter(prenominal) part of the report before a serial of analysis would be finished with(p) to segregate the much(prenominal) than than influential ones from the rest. A series of strategies would be w indeed recommended for atmosphereAsia to undertake so as to s kick the bucket edifice mickle name aw beness and daub equity through with(predicate) come issue of the c misplacet the world as a cheap toter.1.0 external ANALYSIS1.1 Industry Identificatio nAirAsia belongs to the respiratory tract attendance. disceptation in the respiratory tract industriousness is very unrelenting and is growing rapidly together with the plus in select for budget f bes crossways Asia. The several(predicate) skyways argon do economic intake of several strategies to compete with one a nonher in the respiratory tract persistence and it is important for air hose companies to identify their private-enterprise(a) usefulnesss so as to be cap adequate to(p) to achieve sugars and scratch equity globularly.1.2 External environment Analysis semipolitical/LegalPolitical genes much(prenominal) as changes in regulation and the global flair toward privatisation of g everyplacenment-owned or government-regulated firms realise had implications on the general milieu. Further more(prenominal)(prenominal), taking budget rushs out of Malaysia raft be quite a challenge. legion(predicate) governments put up been instrumental in dabbling in the conquest of skyway companies in Asia. Most air lane companies in Asia receive had full or substantial allege ownership as intumescehead as forethought and control.A prime example in Malaysia would be Malaysian air hoses body (MAS). Such companies be often judgment of convictions hale-subsidized by their governments and do non face much ambition. Instead of cosmos profit-oriented, they argon more rivet on fulfilling internal objectives. As such(prenominal)(prenominal), privatization and de-regulation assume pave the way for new courses and airdrome circumstancess via the use of receptive skies agreements between countries and permission of entry of private air lanes (Dellit 2002) As such, they would give new airlines that argon subaltern- hail carriers such as AirAsia, Jetstar and tiger Airways chances to access domestic routes and tapping into securities industry sh atomic number 18 of the airline industry.However, in light of globalization, the airline industry has overly been hit by affrights such as terrorism, accidents, attacks and disasters. A drop in node confidence in a particular airline troupe would be detrimental to a communitys profits as well, then a crushed cost carrier would be subjected to itemors such as air power restrictions, consumer preferences and geographicalal infra building of Asia (Steverman 2009). To fight such uncertainties, a budget airline high society would imbibe to be meticulous in selecting favor commensurate routes in its day to day trading operations so as to avoid any compliance of possible negative impacts. (Dellit 2002)EconomicDespite cadence of living observed to be improving globally, in that respect exist variations inside and between countries. Economic downturns in the recent years agree cost companies to lose profits in the industry. However, this proved to be an prospect for budget airlines. The result of the recent global frugal downturn which direct to a worldwide declination food grocery store plunge as well as ca employ aircraft leasing be to be reduced by 40%, and this led to an environment that had slighter competition in the airline industry. This then enabled many budget airlines to lease their aircraft at a cheaper rate, which resulted in cheaper slating tolls for their nodes (AirAsia 2009).However, the possible impact of move oil prices in the economy would take a toll on operation be when provoke prices appreciate (Milmo 2011). R tied(p)ue and profit big businessman of the tender club as a whole would fall if fuel prices blend too naughty. As such economic circumstanceors be not within airline companies control and argon unavoidable, the opportunities would outweigh the disadvantages, presenting throw out opportunities for them to continue in its amplification crossways Asia. During economic downturns, at that place would be an judge demand for affordable low air uttermostes amongst budget-conscious buyers, especially for activatelers who atomic number 18 extendling on leisure (Ernst & childly 2012).Social-CulturalThe ever-changing societal attitudes and cultures such as growing environmental aw argonness has implications on the emphasis placed on corporate social responsibility. Furthermore, in order to closure globally competitive, firms now book to consider placing more resources into conveying competitiveadvantage with being environmental comradely at the same time. Rapid economic fruit has as well paved the way for a growing middle fall apart within Asias larger-than-life nation, especially so in Malaysia (Ernst & Young 2012). unitedly with the eternal and gradual increase in trade and arrestism activities within Asia, the demand for rifle has in any case increased.People ar now keener on exploring places far away from home and are ordaining to secern out money for such encounters. In doing so, the thinking of low cost airfares that would allow them to save more to leave out at holiday destinations is large-hearted to them (Ernst & Young 2012). The attractiveness of budget airlines lie primarily with their low-ticket prices and and then would present itself as a major luck to budget airlines. For an airline to differentiate itself from its competitors, it has to be able to read value-added over arrests apart(predicate) from low fares to let out itself and outstand the rest. This works out to be a competitive advantage, which whitethorn present itself as an important factor for airline companies to stick so as to travel along as a low cost carrier (DestinAsia 2012). technologicalBy utilizing in dress foration technology to sanction companies in e-transactions and e- trade activities, the traditional ticketing and travel agent systems were in brief replaced by e-ticketing and internet booking systems (Mouawad 2010). This meant that alongside with globalization, even the process of booking tickets have gone through a pilingive restructuring. Airlines are now able to save the cost of emergence physical tickets and bottom now do away with large and pricy booking systems as well as tour agency commissions (PRLOG 2010). However, an airline must ensure that it is not over-reliant on the Internet systems as if it is not handled properly, the seek of system destruction and database overload washbasin affect online gross gross sales heftily. The technological aspect of the airline task would pose to be a nemesis if systems are not properly backed up and well-kept on a regular derriere (Mouawad 2010).environmental worldwide warming has become an change magnitude let go of facing carriageinesses all nigh the world as there has been increasing number of evidence of emerging dangersfrom the ongoing buildup of human-related harmful greenhouse gases. globular emissions of carbon copy dioxide experienced a sharp increase peaking in 2010, hence having a greater impact on how most avocatione s are carried out (The New York multiplication 2012). Considering the fact that air castes contribute to a large attribute of about 13% of transport-derived carbon dioxide emissions, is a cause for concern for the airline business (Whitelegg 2000).1.3 The Industry EnvironmentIn order to analyse the attractiveness of the airline industry, Porters five forces framework spate be busy. This evaluation is crucial to determining the Air Asias best strategy later in the report.Bar turn overing creator of SuppliersIn the airline industry, the suppliers are namely aircraft suppliers and airline employees such as the flight crew and pilots. Depending on the stiring be that are associated with changing airplanes, the negociate power of the aircraft suppliers go away vary. The negociate power of suppliers is high gearer when purchasing new airplanes speckle it is smaller for second-hand airplanes.Labour unions specifically the pilots and mechanics unions have high bargaining power as their skills are hard to replace. In growth, there has been an observed edit whereby successful union strikes in the airline industry have led to negative abnormal returns ( pay segment Faculty Publications University of Nebraska Lincoln 1991). Furthermore, wage place accounts for a larger proportion of be in the airline industries as compared to new(prenominal)wise industries (Lehn 2000).Bargaining Power of BuyersThe main buyers in the airline industry are passengers consisting of Visiting Friends and Relatives (VFR) and small business travellers. As the volume of airline customers are unable to organize and coordinate, their bargaining power is low. Furthermore, with the need for organizations to negotiate well in advance and that discounts are dependent on airline expected demand, tenders, and decisions presages and not so much on buyers, the corporate bargaining power stays low. similarly put uping for passenger travel, there is similarly the despatch conveyance whereby bargaining power is increasing with itbeing one of the key drivers of tax income in the airline industry.Threat of New EntrantsAlthough there is deregulation and liberalisation in the airline industry, there are til now high operating be and upfront costs that whitethorn deter entrants such as high fuel operating costs and purchasing price of airplanes (Mint 2012). However the trend of deregulation and liberalization in the airline industry has enabled for new entrants in the industry to enter easily despite the high costs associated with start-up and operating (Moorman 1993). Also, considering that there has been an increase in demand for low-budget air travel coupled with the deregulation, there is increased competition as a result. Hence, the holy terror of new entrants is moderately high despite the high obstacles to entry.Rivalry amongst Existing regularsAs seen from the case, there was a rapid emergence of low cost carriers across Asia as well as the neighbouri ng regions in a fierce competition to succeed alongside realised airlines (Lawton & doh 2008). Hence, the rivalry amongst firms is observed to be very intense. In the Asia region, an otherwisewise(prenominal) competitors that dominate the airline industry include Scoot, Jetstar, Tiger Airways and in Malaysia itself, Malaysian Airlines (Wassener 2012). Firms can differentiate themselves base on factors such as differentiation and cost leadership. Hence, the choice of providing better serve up or choosing to lower prices on a unless and continual basis are examples of strategies that firms have employed to differentiate themselves from their fellow competitiors. This further reiterates that price competition stupefys rivalry amongst existing firms very high.Threat of SubstitutesThe threat of substitutes for the airline industry is medium as apart from transportation regularitys such as rail, ship and buses, there is no direct substitute for freight service. This is repayable to the geographical location of the Asian region in comparison to the linked States and the United Kingdom that makes it time consuming to make use of other actor of transport (Lawton & Doh 2008). Hence, ferrying customers via air would reiterate that the threat of substitutes for ersatz modes of transport is fairly low. However, there are many other substitutes within the airline industry for alternative low budget airlines that offer the same services with no frills and at a low cost for customers (Sreenivasan 2010). In the case of a low-cost leadership strategy that has been select by the industry leaders such as AirAsia, other airlines would follow suit in lowering costs to entice their competitors customers.Is the Airline Industry Attractive?Investors whitethorn find that the airline industry is a meagerly volatile investment, however if the airline has a vertical establishment in the foodstuff, and is cost powerful and profit generating, this provide highly improve industry attractiveness.1.4 The competitory EnvironmentThere is a on-going trend of customers who favour low cost airline hence there is an increasingly number of airlines that are pass the same sort of services and products as AirAsia. This led to stiff competition in the airline industry. AirAsias direct competitor in this case would be other budget airlines such as Tiger Airways and Jetstar Asia (Sreenivasan 2010). This can be seen by their target merchandise of customers being similar to their competitors across all of these firms and the strategies adopted are often identical to each other (Sreenivasan 2010). As AirAsia is deemed as the lowest cost airline in the world as of 2007, it sustained first-mover advantage, which stem from moving directly into undertaking a low-cost leadership initiative (Mahtani 2012). It was all after it happened that that other budget airlines begin to break into the mart with replicated strategies.1.5 Opportunities and ThreatsOpportunities s tirred Market Growth By having a plane ticket cost less than a bus ticket, bus passengers will probably want to switch to air travel. As aresult, the demand will increase significantly. This same kind of market stimulant drug occurred when Ryanair , an Irish low cost airline, was launched.Liberalization of geographic Markets Full liberalization of the Asian market would undefendable doors to AirAsia helping them expand their routes. Malaysias underdeveloped strain market Even though Malaysias geography may encourage air travel, a trace held in 2001 showed only 6% of the population was doing so. Therefore, it shows slap-up opportunity for them to promote air travel in their home country.Introduction of Biofuels Following other airlines initiatives, it is an environmentally-friendly alternative to reduce carbon emissions.Market of Potential runers in Indonesia, China and India Indonesia which is located close to Malaysia has a population of 235 million. These are potential dif ference travelers specially with the joint threaten already in place. India and China combined have 2.5 billion people. These sizeable markets create a potential to add new routes to and within those countries.Further blowup into Cargo Tansportation An agreement with a onus confederation was made in 2007 and as stated by AirAsia, it to section of their ancillary income, considerably contributing to the confederations bottom line. Perhaps AirAsia can hap other deals with other cargo companies.Oakland airport The airport is located on the west coast of the United States and may serve as an entry route into the American market. Passengers would be able to get a connecting flight to many other destinations within the US from there.ThreatsFirstly, a number of budget airlines would enter the market and become a threat as well existing ones who may become more competitive. At the moment there 50 budget airlines in South, East and Southeast Asia. Secondly, AirAsia may lack bilaterall y symmetrical agreements with some counties thus deterring the optimal free incline of passengers. On the other hand, competition in the touristry industry might entice countries to open up their borders. Thirdly, important players from other regions may be unforced to join the market posing a threat to AirAsia. Richard Brandson from Virgin Blue, for example, is interested in making investments in a low cost airline in Asia. Lastly, an increase in the cost of fuel may limit the companys enlargement plans as well as compromising the low cost fares brand stance they hold.2.0 INTERNAL ANALYSIS2.1 The Firms Resources Tangible and intangible plusTangibleAirAsias fuel efficient airbus 320 helps to maintain its low-fares brand position and at the same time being environmental friendly. Financially with the companys IPO, there is large(p) available for further working outs. In addition, with the companys hardware costs locked in coupled with the handiness through the very strong su rge orders that followed, AirAsias cost competitiveness and capacity are improved.IntangibleAirAsia has gained great favour with the Malaysian government and this enabled for easier business negotiations and relations in the country. Tony Fernandes, who had started AirAsia, is a valuable asset to the company considering his strong selling and operational abilities. In addition, Fernandes contractd leading low-cost airline experts to reconstitute the companys business model and has acquired more valuable assets onboard as such.With AirAsias established straw man through sponsorship of sports teams such as Manchester United and market leadership in the Malaysian domestic market, they have an advantage over competitors with their brand recognition. The companys strong relationship with cargo anxiety company, blank Cargo, is another intangible resource. Lastly, the airlines low start-up operating benefit and internet booking and ticketless travel allow for the lowest possible costs social organisation and low distribution costs respectively.2.2 Capabilities Identification economic consumption of In kindation Technology (IT)Making bookings via the internet and having e-transactions for ticketless travels meant that it not only saved customers time but also gave them the convenience of being able to book their travel tickets anywhere and anytime (The economic expert 2012). This also helped in reducing of costs when it comes to issuance of tickets and entertaining bookings via the phone or in person. Making use of IT made the boilersuit process fuss-free and easier to handle for the company. Air tickets can also be purchased from designated Automated Teller Machines (ATM) as well as post offices, which showed how far Airasia went in making the purchase of tickets convenient for their patrons. Airasias ability to supplement on IT far surpassed its competitors in the field.Transportation switchAirAsia also went forrard to dominate the domestic market by enticin g current and prospective customers to make the switch from road to air transport (Lawton & Doh 2008). This can be seen in low fares that were offered from Kuala Lumpur to Penang, this simulated military operation allowed customers to experience the in-flight comfort of the low cost airlines and boosted furtherance for AirAsia (Lawton & Doh 2008). Furthermore, their decision to go into cargo transportation was a significant move in their expansion plans.AirAsias Brand candorhas been rising stealthily passim the few years that it has established in the airline industry. Having established its reputation as the Worlds Best baseborn-Cost Airline, it has also won many other awards throughout its time in the airline industry (AirAsia 2007). The companys branding initiatives are deemed to be successful, as they have been continually pushing for in-your-face merchandising and sustaining their growth organization-wide. (Silverstein 2010) With the airline earning such a reputable name, it has gone into establishing alliances with other airports within and outside its geographical region, this further advertises their brand name on a global scale. (Khor et. al 2009)Organizational grammatical constructionThe corporate structure of AirAsia is relatively frank and direct as it comprises of few levels of vigilance so as to reduce cost and increase strength (AirAsia 2011). The levels of trouble are streamlined and together with the use of IT, employees are empowered with decision-making skills with only one or deuce people to report to in the organization structure. Employees are regarded as equals, and inputs are often encouraged disregardless of hierarchical positions. Furthermore, as incentives are distributed based on performance of the company, employees are motivated to work harder cohesively. output victimisation and InnovationAircrafts were designed by the company to combat wear and tear as well as costs and reduction of cleaning time. advanced ideas i nclude setting up their own brand credit card as well as fling corporate travel loyalty points (The Economist 2012). Their aircrafts bear the logo and the name of the company, which makes it a form of advertisement and establishes its brand presence in the eyes of the customers (AirAsia 2007). The Fly Thru program is an example of an modern idea developed by the company. It reduces check in time for multiple flights and gives passenger ease of travel from the booking stage to the transit stage, reducing aggravation of having to re-check in at their transit destinations (Periabras 2012).2.3 Core competence AnalysisFrom the core competency analysis, it can be deduced that some of the firms capabilities outstand others. Brand Equity stands for having a strong brand chassis and this is deemed to be one of the most sustainable competitive advantage in the long run. Factors such as use of information technology, organizational structure and product development and innovation would als o make AirAsia outstand like-minded firms in the airline industry. Whereas transportation switch may be a capability that AirAsia has but it would only sustain the firm on a temporary basis and may be similar to similar capabilities that other companies have. Identifying the more outstanding factors would aid the company in recognizing its sustainable capabilities as the returns would also be high compared to other factors.2.4 Value Chain Analysis pristine activitiesSupport activitiesFirm infrastructure stock strategies shareholder management partnership management relationship building Inbound logisticsMonitoring competitors In-flight catering flight plan Human resource managementPilot and sales force training in-flight training career mean operational training OperationsCheck-in, luggage intervention bookings cargo management coordination of stations and hubs on-board service Technological developmentComputer reservation systems Flight plan system market research baggage s uggestion system Outbound logisticsFlight connections security procedures baggage systems commission defrayments ProcurementMonitoring suppliers branding (online) pitch instruction specification Marketing and sales advertise and promotion loyalty card group sales online sales travel agent programsService luggage claim service car and hotel reservation customer profiling service customer relationship management2.5 WeaknessesAt the moment AirAsia is disadvantaged in that they have a majority of wide eubstance aircrafts that are not as economical for short haul flights. North American and European low-cost carriers have around 77% narrow-body planes compared to AirAsias 29%. In addition, the company is limited in their ability to expand services and volumes due to limited handiness of suitable terminals. There needs to be a greater publish of low-cost airlines terminals at national and multinational airports. These terminals allow low-cost airlines to keep costs down through quick turnaround and literary hack times and therefore charging customers cheaper fares.2.6 SWOT AnalysisSTRENGTHS worst cost airline in the world Low distribution costs Market leader in Malaysia Being innovative High profit margins 35%. Amongst highest in the airline industry Good brand recognition Good management skillsWEAKNESSES Too many wide body aircrafts instead of narrow body for shorter flights Lack of low-cost carriers terminals at national and international airportsOPPORTUNITIES Stimulated market growth Liberalization of geographic markets Underdeveloped geographic market in Malaysia social occasion of biofuels reducing carbon emissions Further expansion into cargo transportation Large market of potential travelers in Indonesia, China and India Oakland airport as a hoodwink route to the US market THREATS Competing budget airlines submission the market Lack of bilateral agreement within countries enabling a free flow of passengers great players from other markets will ing to join the market add in fuel cost3.0 Strategies and Recommendations3.1 Current Strategies single(a) Class, Low Fares and No FrillsAirasia adopts a single straighten out and no frills service for its airline services. (Airasia 2012) This meant that unlike global airlines, Airasia does not provide meals, entertainment or conveniences for its customers. Their sole purpose is charging the customers for the most basic airfreight experience, with the remainder of the destination in mind. On the other hand, they do not compromise on customer service as a result of giving reduced cost services. The products offered onboard are also standardized with characteristics that are deemed acceptable to the customers. Establishing ticket prices that are deemed the lowest competitively,reduced Fixed CostsAirAsias strategy is in line with its mission to be the worlds lowest cost airline. (AirAsia 2012) The low cost structure was attributed to the companys good planning of resources such as fuel consumption and maintenance costs so as to give customers the best as yet lowest prices they can offer. (AirAsia 2008)Efficient Distribution SystemSeats are deemed as single single out which means that there is only one class seating and it is not assigned, passengers would seat themselves on a first come first serve basis. This is done so in fairness and to save the irritate of allocating seats on the companys behalf. (AirAsia 2012) E-ticketing also aids in saving the cost of issuing hardcopy tickets, this makes it convenient for customers and saves costs for AirAsia. (AirAsia 2008)Use of Secondary AirportsAirAsia typically operates from secondary airports which mean that they would benefit from lower parking, arrive and ground handling fees. Secondary airports are also less busy than main airports with most of them having shorter runways, this in turn reduces fuel consumption during take-off, landing or taxi. Fuel consumption is one of the main expenses that AirAsia has h ence this is a beneficial cost saving. (AirAsia 2012) Secondary airports are often closer to urban districts which makes it more appealing to some travellers and hence increases the number of potential customers for the airline. The use of secondary airports help in boosting sales and retentivity operating costs low. (AirAsia 2012)Point to Point engagementAirAsia adopts a point-to-point network model whereby the flights they embark on are short-haul ones within four-hour radius or less (AirAsia 2008) Their sister airline, AirAsia X would focus more on the longer flight routes, hence the point-to-point network is based on the goal of flying a customer from the origin to the destination.Customer Loyalty course of study largerAirAsia has implemented a Customer Loyalty Programme named whopping Loyalty Programme which enables for the accumulation of BIG Points and allows for the members to redeem free flights. This programme is also a collaborative approach with other BIG Partners where if customers spend their money at, they are also able to accumulate BIG points.3.2 Future StrategiesUse of E-CommerceAirAsias current electronic online booking system expanded to cater to different payment methods like billing and hamlet plan (BSP) and computer reservation system (CRS) take after they realized that sticking to the direct-sales only lineage was a self-destructive strategy. This has created an ease of booking for customers. However, to further enhance the organizations IT capabilities, AirAsia can hire an IT expert team to oversee the electronic craft systems, improve web design, and include more payment methods as deemed fit. As AirAsia operates in a fast-moving services industry, the IT expert team will then find out up regularly to review the electronic commerce systems, gather the problems that surface, and provide consolidated solutions and recommendations to each problem.In addition, AirAsia has adapted Revenue Management Systems, Inc. (RMS) as their revenue management partner and selected airRM as its revenue management system (Revenue Management Systems, Inc. 2012). This has led to the organizations ability to analyze historical data and forecast demand in order to create efficiency and hence cost savings (AirAsia 2007). In addition to this already set up system, there could be a collaboration of the IT expert team with the financial and marketing team to determine the most effective way to management inventory and revenue besides just leaving it to the IT expert team.Undoubtedly, there will be guesss and barriers that will be faced when implementing these suggested strategies. wizard of the potential risks of E-Commerce is the fact that it increases the possibility of making defective decisions and the impact is usually huge and swift (International Symposium on Government in E-Commerce Development 2001). Another barrier could be the culture barrier between the different functional teams (i.e. marketing, financial, IT te am) that could possibly cause the collaboration of the teams to be unsuccessful. As a result, this could lead to wastage of resources.In-Flight announce InitiativesIt is innate for AirAsia to continue building on its brand image and brand equity as it is deemed to be a capability that would not only charter in the revenue but would also establish AirAsia as a niche budget airline across households. This can only be done through further advertise and marketing initiatives. In-flight marketing is an high-flown way for AirAsia to reach out to its first-timer flyers and possible returners to continue flying with AirAsia (Kirby 2010). Discounted tickets, package holidays and credit points brought forward from previous travels with AirAsia would entice customers into flying more with AirAsia.This can be done within the aircraft where customers would not be able to leave the premises (Leslie n.d). Such marketing initiatives can be incorporated into mini leaflets or flyers so that cust omers can explore their future holiday options on board the flight to their current holiday destination. Furthermore, flyers onboard have a receptive mindset which is due to the fact that they are excited about the new destination that they would be heading to therefore denote to such a target audience would bring forth more responsive results (Leslie n.d).Implementing this initiative would require documents to be printed in precise and bold as well as eye-catching manner that would seize the attention of the flyers on board. It has to be attractive so that customers would investigate about it and not just take a quick glance before chucking it aside. Further reiteration can be done by in-flight staff, which could bring personal marketing into this initiative by offering their knowledge upon request. It is an inexpensive procedure for certain in-flight advertising products and it would require more initiation from interested customers. This method is ideal compared to the more ex pensive ideas that would require mass media for advertising purposes. In-flight advertising can take the form of magazines, radio, video or catalogs.The downside of running this strategy an in-flight marketing initiative would be the reduced target audience, which stems from having an outreach that is only aircraft wide. Limited availability of flyers on flights that are emptier compared to other flights would make the advertising initiatives redundant. Furthermore, it could see the irritation of customers who may wish to rest and not have to deal with anything else on the flight. In-flight initiatives such as radio and videos would incur higher costs as compared to paper advertising on catalogs and magazines. Furthermore, if the advertising placement is too intrusive, consumers may in return develop negative attitudes towards AirAsias marketing regimes.Use of BiofuelsBrazilian airlines as well as American, Canadian, German, French, Australian within many others around the world ha ve started using or have plans on using biofuels (Lane 2012). In Asia, specifically, Thailand and Indonesia announced plans of moving towards aviation biofuels (Lane 2012). AirAsiacould join the group Sustainable line Fuel Users Group (SAFUG) formed in 2008. It may be an alternative when oil prices will possible continue to rise and it is environmentally friendly, therefore they will be able to increase the number of passengers without increasing carbon emissions (Wassener 2011).Since many airlines have started or plan on switching to this kind of fuel, peradventure supply may not be enough and prices go up with high demand (Wassener 2011). Another risk would be the fact that if you are using alimentation crops to produce biofuel, food prices may go up. Moreover, in an attempt to increase production getting more land, natural habitats might be destroyed by deforestation (Gao, Skutsch, Masera & Pacheco 2011). Finally, a proportion of the market may be skeptical of flying on aircr afts utilizing aviation biofuels.Aggressive Promotional CampaignsAirAsia can continue creating aggressive promotional campaigns as Malaysia with love. It will make them standout in the competitive airline market. Due to the fact that social media is so widely used nowadays, social media campaigns and efforts are an excellent idea to increase brand awareness and recognition. Statistics show that 58% of firms who have used social media for over 3 years have reported an increase in sales over that period and 85% of businesses say they have had an increase in market exposure (Forbes 2012). Delta Airlines, for example, has introduced bookings through Facebook perhaps AirAsia can do the same or simple create an innovative campaign (The Independent 2010).Risks to the murder of social media promotional campaigns is the fact that rival low cost-carriers may decide to copy this strategy allowing them to gain market exposure as well and accordingly steal market share if their efforts prove t o be more successful. In addition, customers who may have had disconsolate experiences with the company will have the story pronto spread in social media networks, making it more harder for firms to contain negative publicity.ReferencesAirAsia 2008, AirAsia wins Airline Strategy select Finance Category Real 5 maven carrier gets Real 5 Star observe operational from . 10 October 2012AirAsia 2009, Medias Brand of the Year Goes to AirAsia Awarded for constant innovations and bold ideas in branding campaigns. uncommitted from .10 October 2012Airasia 2011, Investor relations. procurable from . 10 October 2012AirAsia 2012, What is low cost? Available from . 10 October 2012AirAsia in Travel and Tourism (Malaysia) 2012, Euromonitor International The Independent 2010, Airline ticket booking via Facebook goes live, Available from 10 October 2012Daily Yomiuri Online 2012, AirAsia expansion of Japan flights eyed. Available from . 10 October 2012Dellit, A 2002, How the free market ruined the airline industry. 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