Homonyms and antonyms Essay Example for Free

Homonyms and antonyms Essay course similar in form but quite distinguishable in their meaning and distribution argon called homonyms 1, 74. Homonym is a word that is spelt like another word (or pronounced like it) but which has a contrary meaning 2, 464. The term is derided from Greek homonymous (homos the same and onoma name) and thus expresses very well the sameness of name combined with the difference in meaning The tralatitious formal classification of homonyms is as follows 1. Homonyms proper which are similar both in sound and spelling, e. g. ball () ball (), hail () hail (). 2. Partial homonyms are subdivided into1) Homographs which are identical in spelling but different in sound, e.g. bow/bou/()-bow/bau/( ), lead /led/ () lead/lid/ (). 2) Homophones which are identical in sound but different in spelling, e.g. key () quay (), sow () sew () 1, 74. Homonyms may be classified by the type of their meaning. In this reason one should distinguish between 1. Lexical homonyms which belong to the same part of speech, e.g. plane n. () plain n. (), light a. () light a. (). 2. Grammatical homonyms which belong to different move of speech, e.g. row v. () row n.(), weather n. () whether conj. (). 3. Homoforms which are identical only in some paradigm constituents, e.g. scent n. sent (Past Ind. and Past Part. of send), seize v. sees (Pr.Ind., 3d p.sing. of see) 1, 74. professor A.I. Smirnitsky classified homonyms into ii large classes 1)Full homonyms are words, which re defer the same category of parts of speech and cave in the same paradigm, e.g. wren n. (a member of the Womens royal Naval Service) wren n. (a bird). 2)Partial homonyms are subdivided into three subgroups a) Simple lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words, which belong to the same category of parts of speech. Their paradigms have only one identical form, but it is never the same form, e.g. (to) found v. found v. (past indef., past part. of to find), (to) lay .v lay .v (past indef. of to lie). b) Complex lexico-grammatical partial homonyms are words of different categories of parts of speech, which have identical form in their paradigms, e.g. rose n. rose v. (past indef. of to rise), maid n make v (past indef., past part. of to make). c) Partial lexical homonyms are words of the same category of parts of speech which are identical only in their corresponding forms, e.g. to lie (lay, lain) v. to lie (lied, lied) v., to hang (hung, hung) v. to hang (hanged, hanged) v 1,74.Examples1) Its made out of wood. The skaters would normally perform their stunts and tricks there, May explains (5, 12). 2) A half pipe put up be dangerous. Skateboarders wear protective gear, May points out. Staying safe is important, Buzz agrees. right away where is my notebook?(5, 13). 3) Good luck Buzz tells May. Go take the lead in this competition I feel nervous, May says. My legs feel as if they are made of lead (5, 24). 4) May I sail with you in May? (9, 31).5) Mous e Deer, Im very glad to have much(prenominal) dear friends (6, 12). 6) But hes unable to see that Oscar prefer his presence to his presents once in a while(11). 7) Its my birthday present to him. I can fill in, Ollie says. Id be happy to present the Big Air Jam, with Buzz (5, 18). 8) Dad, buy me a ballBye, Osc, Im in a hurry, answered Mark and hung on (11, 135). 9) What a nice scent, Nicky Hilary Duff With love? asked Ally. Ughmn. My father sent it to me last Christmas, said Nicky climbing the lean (11, 66). (10)Id like to go to the sea. I think its amazing to see the autumn sunset, said Carolyn a bit enigmatically (12, 45).AntonymsWords that have directly opposite meanings are called antonyms 1, 73. Antonym is a word with a meaning that is opposite to the meaning of another word 3, 58. Antonyms fall into two main groups 1. Root antonyms (those which are different root), e.g. long short, up down, to start to finish, etc. 2. Affixal antonyms (in which special affixes or their ab sence express semantic opposition), e.g. brilliant hopeless, happy unhappy, appear disappear, etc. 1, 73. Polysemantic words usually have antonyms for each of their lexico-semantic variants a vague knife a sharp knife, a dull boy a bright boy, etc. Examples1) Flash Wiggins makes scoring look easy, Harold tells Cassy. But beating the goalie is difficult (8, 210). 2) Krupp and Smythe worked together to even the score, Harold adds. Nothing can tear them apart (8, 77). 3) You can help me make this rough ice smooth again says the driver (8, 93). 4) stimulate Bear Im Father Bear, and I sit in this great big chair. Baby Bear Im Baby Bear and I sit in that humble chair (10, 23). 5) Ah, but sometimes it is more courageous to do the right thing, than rebel and do the wrong thing, you know, she said softly, meeting my eye (11, 119).6) He blushed and absolutely paled from nerves at the situation he was in (11, 25). 7) Oh, no, Nicky For you its hard, but for meits very easy. I have kno wn him for ages (11, 81). 8) And then we couldnt quietus in the spacious room after being promised. But I suppose, it will be better to sleep in narrow rooms (4, 211). 9) Anne had a young, brighter face and more delicate features than the others Marilla saw at her and felt herself old enough to change her life (4, 267). 10) I can and A-n-n looks dreadful, but A n n e looks so much more distinguished, but call me Cordelia It looks wonderful (4, 43).List of literature1. .., .. . . , 2001. 117 . 2. Agnes M. Websters New World College Dictionary / M. Agnes, D. B.Guralnik. Cleveland IDG Books universal Ink., 2000. 1716 p. 3. Oxford Paperback Thesaurus / Maurice Waite. Oxford New York Oxford University Press, 2006. 930 p. 4. .. , / , , , .. , .. . , 2008. 440 . 5. Anna Prokos. Half-Pipe Homonyms / Prokos Anna. Gareth Stevens, 2009. 27 p. 6. Any Talbot. Deer and His Dear Friends a tale from India / Talbot Any. Benchmark Education Compan y, 2006. 16 p. 7. Catherine Alliot. The Real Thing / Alliot Catherine. publicize Book Publishing, 1996. 471 p. 8. Claudia Pattison. Wow / Pattison Claudia. Pan Books, 2001. 374 p. 9. Judy Goodard. Fun with homonyms / Goodard Judy. Industry Way Westminster, 2005. 43 p. 10. Karma Wilson. Bear stays up for Christmas / Wilson Karma. Margaret K. McElderry Books, 2011. 40 p. 11. Melissa Nathan. Learning Curve / Nathan Melissa. cursor Books, 2006. 549 p. 12. Robert Waller. The Bridges of Madison County / Waller Robert. Great Britain Mandarin Paperbacks, 1995. 171 p.

Linguistics research Essay Example for Free

Linguistics research Essay1. Linguistics Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific instruct of lecture. 2. Phonology The study of how sounds be put together and used in communication is called phonology. 3. Syntax The study of how morphemes and words are combined to machinate sentences is called syntax. . 4 Design features it referred to the delimit properties of human verbiage that tell the difference between human lyric that tell the difference between human delivery and any governing body of animal communication. 5. Psycholinguistics The study of language with reference to the workings of mind is called psycholinguistics. 6. Language Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication. 7. Ph angiotensin converting enzymetics The study of sounds which are used in linguistic communication is called phonetics. 8. Morphology The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words is called morphology. 9. Parole it referred to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics. V. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible. Give examples for illustration if necessary 1. Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.Explain it in detail. First of all, language is a system, because Elements of language are com bined agree to rules. Secondly, language is arbitrary because in that gaze is no intrinsic connection between form and meaning, or between the sign and what it stands for. Different languages have disparate words for the comparable object in the world. This fact is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. This also explains the symbolic nature of language words are just Symbols they are associated with objects, actions, ideas, etcetera by conven tion.Thirdly, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. The term human in the definit ion indicates that language is possessed by human beings only and is very different from the communication systems of other living creatures. The term communication means that language makes it possible for its users to talk to each other and fulfill their commu nicative needs. 2. What are the design features of human language? Illustrate them with examples. 1) Arbitrariness As mentioned earlier, the arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. For instance, there is no nec essary relationship between the word elephant and the animal it symbolizes. In addition, different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different languages, and even within the same language, the same sound does not refer to the same thing. However, language is not entirely arbitrary. There are words which are created in the imitation of sounds by sounds, such as crash, bang in English.Besides, more or less compound words are also not entirely ar bitrary. But the non-arbitrary words are quite limited in number. The arbitrary nature of language makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions. 2) Productivity Language is productive or creative in that it makes possible the con struction and interpretation of young signals by its users. This is why they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences that they have never said or heard before.They can escape messages which no one else has ever sent before. Productivity is unique to human language. Most animal communication systems appear to be highly restricted with respect to the number of different signals that their users can send and receive. 3) Duality The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, disc rete, individual sounds.But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which, at the higher level, can be arranged into sentences. This duality of structure or dou ble articulation of language enables its users to talk most anything within their knowledge. No animal communication system has duality or even comes near to possessing it. 4) Displacement Displacement means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. Animal calls are mainly uttered in response to immediate changes of situation. 5) Cultural transmittance Human beings were born with the ability to acquire language, but the details of any language are not genetically transmitted or passed down by instinct. They have to be taught a nd learned, but animal call systems are genetically trans mitted. 3. How do you understand the distinction between a synchronic study and a diachronic study?The description of a language at some point in time is a Synchronic study the de scription of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study. A synchronic study of language describes a language as it is at some particular(a) point in time, while a diachronic study of language is the study of the historical development of language over a period of time. 4. wherefore does modern linguistics regard the spoken form of language as primary, not the written? First, the spoken form is prior to the writ ten form and most writing systems are derived from The spoken form of lan guage.Second, the spoken form presents a greater role than writing in terms of the meter of information conveyed and it serves a wider range of purposes finally, the spoken form is the medium through which we acquire our mother tongue. 5. What are the major distinctions between langue and unloose? The distinct, ion between langue, and unloosen was made by the famous Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure early this century. Langue refers to the solicit linguistic system shared by all the members of a quarrel community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable, it does not change frequently while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation. 6. (1) What if there were no language? (2) What if there were only one language the world over? (3) What can we learn from this Bible bosh? Language is powerful as a tool of human communication. 7. (1) What measures do you suggest for protecting dialects as well as languages? (2) Do you think that someday people all over the world will speak only one language, or someday no dialect will exist? 8. bed our pets learn human languages? Why or why not? No. They are genetically not endowed with the 9. What role does body language play in language commun

Analysis Of Marketing Mix

Analysis Of Marketing MixWe took up Amul internal-combustion engine Cream as a crop for our study and analysis. The project basic objective was to get down a deeper understanding of the product and apply the concepts related to merchandiseing mix, 4Ps of grocery storeing and the consumer behavior as learnt in the course.The project was studied in three moveMarketing mix of Amul Ice pickingStudy of the consumer behavior with the help of a structured questionnaireMarketing mix of two main competitors Kwality W onlys and M other(a) Dairy, suggestions and hope ab step to the fore Amul Ice CreamsIn the beginning destiny, we studied the grocerying mix of Amul shabu cream which was further divided into four interpreters production, Pr frappe, Place and packaging. master(prenominal) CONTENTSNote all corrections/additions/reasons in lieu of corrections ar d singleness below the remarks itself.SESSION 1Marketing Mix of Amul Ice creamAmul Ice Cream was launched on 10th March, 1 996 in Gujarat. It was launched on the platform of Real Milk. Real Ice Cream given that it is a include out company and the wholesomeness of its products gives it a competitive advant eld.In 1997, Amul crosspatch creams entered Mumbai followed by Chennai in 1998 and Kolkata and Delhi in 2002. Nationally it was rolled out across the coun filtrate in 1999.It has combated ambition from the established p tiers like Walls, Mother Dairy and achieved the No 1 position in the country. This position was achieved in 2001 and it has continued to remain at the top.Today the market sh atomic number 18 of Amul ice cream is 38% as against the 9% market sh be of HLL, thus making it 4 times grandr than its closest competitor.ProductAmul has added a vast modification of flavours to its ever growing dress. Currently it offers a selection of 220 products. Amul has always brought unfermentedness in its products and the same applies for ice creams.The broad heads under which Amul markets its ice creams are as followsRoyal tr run down range (rajbhog, cappuccino, chocochips, butterscotch, tutti frutti)Nut-o-mania range (kaju draksh, kesar pista, roasted almond, kesar carnival, badshahi badam kulfi, shista pista kulfi)Utsav range (anjir, roasted almond)Simply delicious range (vanilla, strawberry, pineapple, rose, chocolate)Natures treat (alphonso mango, clear litchi, anjir, fresh strawberry, black current)Sundae range (mango, black current, chocolate, strawberry)Millennium ice cream (cheese with almonds, dates with honey)Milk bars (chocobar, mango dolly, raspberry dolly, shahi badam kulfi, shahi pista kulfi, mawa malai kulfi cream, green pista kulfi)Cool elicitdies (orange, mango), Cassatta, Tricone cones (butterscotch, chocolate), megabite-almond cone), Frostik 3 layer chocolate bar, Fundoo range exclusively for kids, Slim sack fat free frozen dessert (vanilla, banana, mango, pineapple), Health IsabcoolIn January 2007, Amul introduced SUGAR FREE ProLife Probiotic Wellne ss Ice Cream, which was a first in India. This range of SUGAR FREE, LOW FAT Diabetic Delight ProLife Probiotic Wellness Ice Cream is created for the health conscious.PriceAmul has man come alongd to stay ahead of its competitors by providing quality products at competitive prices, maximizing customer value. Amul followed the penetration pricing strategy and entered the market with prices much less than the leader in the market kwality Walls. This helped Amul in achieving great success at the start. Amul also captured a lot of the lower end untapped market due to its pricing strategy and gradually acquired a market share of 12-15% in the first few years. The pricing has been a major advantage of the brand. Following Amul, other players lowered their prices consequent to which Amul now follows a competitive pricing as its major strategy.Range of price minimum and maximum?Amul frostiks start from Rs 10 and go upto Rs. 20. The prolife pro-biotic icecream is priced at Rs. 15 for 125 ml . the sacking savior take away packs start from as low as Rs.110 for 2 litre whereas catering the high end, exotica range starts from Rs. 120 per litre brick and extends upto Rs. one hundred sixty for different flavours.PlaceIce cream, being a perishable item, it is very primary(prenominal) to beat a good distribution channel. Amuls head office is at Anand. The entire market is divided into 5 zones. The zonal offices are located at Ahmadabad, Mumbai, New Delhi, Kolkata and Chennai. Moreover there are 49 Depots located across the country and Amul caters to 13 Export markets also.Amul follows four marketing channels to distribute its ice creams.Level Zero also called direct marketing channel consists of a manufacturer selling directly to the final customers how?Amul has entered into direct retailing through Amul Utterly Delicious comparabilitylours created in major cities Ahmedabad, Bangalore, Baroda, Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Surat. These parlours surpass the regular softy and ice-cream scoop offering joints in terms of popularity and look set to give the more established ice cream brands in the cities a run for their money. In these parlours, icecream is stored and transported in a frozen condition (- 28o centigrade or below). They also keep frozen pizzas and frozen paneer.Level One contains one selling intermediary such as retailer to the final customersLevel Two has two intermediaries typically distributor and the retailerLevel Three comprises the distributor, retailer with the jobber in betweenPromotionAmul doesnt follow an aggressive marketing strategy for its ice creams. In the beginning, TV commercials for products such as amul tricone, real milk ice cream, frostik and premium ice cream were seen frequently. thus far these commercials cannot be spotted now. Instead the company prefers a more direct approach to sales promotion strategy. Offers such as super saver packs, one plus one and the likes are often given to lure the consumers into get . Apart from these, Amul Company as a whole with its advertising partner FCB-ULKA puts up its hoardings which are famous for their satirical take on current happenings, for its complete basket of products including ice cream.The main reason for Amul retaining its dominant position in the market despite a conservative marketing strategy is because all the market players in this product category follow the same kind of strategy, i.e. minimal painting to electronic media and high on sales promotion technique. In such a scenario Amul has been successful in creating a niche for itself.Amuls entry into ice creams is regarded as successful due to the large market share it was able to capture within a short period of time. The differential pricing, quality of products and of course, the brand reference made this possible.SESSION 2Consumer Buying BehaviorWe studied the marketing mix of Amul ice creams. Now well study and analyze the behavior in terms of consumers decision making process an d factors affecting their buying behavior. Consumer behavior is how individuals, stems, and organizations select, buy, use and dispose of goods, services and ideas to satisfy their carrys and wants. Consumer passes through five stages in buying a productNeed IdentificationInformation SearchEvaluation of AlternativesPurchase of ProductAfter Sales ServiceConsumers dont always pass through all the above stages while making a get. For many of products ( well-nighly perishable), the kind of involvement in the buying process is low. Consumers tend to do a lot of brand switching for the sake of chassis and novelty. While buying a regular brand of ice cream, one goes directly from the need for ice-cream to the purchase decision skipping information search and evaluation. Even if they are present, the time given to each of these is negligible as compared to other stages. This is very essential part of consumer buying behavior which in turn affects the factors affecting the consumer beha vior. If one is loyal to one brand he will repeatedly purchase that brand and flavor. However if one doesnt find that product, he is very likely to switch to other lendable brands without much effort and whitethorn start liking it.Factors affecting the consumer behavior diverse types of factors which affect the consumer behavior and lead them towards a particular ice-cream brand are as followsProduct specifications, variety, price range, promotion strategies, and accessibility of product (which forms an integral part in case of variety seeking products)Reference roots (family, friends , media etc) and their effect on choicesKnowledge of other brands existing in the market and their positioning in the minds of the consumersDemographics age, gender, income assortSituational make where a consumer buys a productInvolvement in buying the product in terms of frequence of purchaseStudying the consumer behaviorIn the survey conducted, (sample size=60) well first do a general analysi s studying the market and Amul ice-creams position in it. In second part of the analysis, well see how different age hosts may be shake off differently in consume ice cream.MethodologySamples for the study consisted of nation from the age group of 18-40. Samples were interpreted randomly where a structured questionnaire was mailed to the people and their responses recorded. The questionnaire had the following dimensionsDemographics of the respondents such as age, income group, occupation, genderKnowledge/awareness rough the various brands operational in the marketFrequency of purchase of ice cream,place of purchase,price preferences,reference groups,Favorite brands vis--vis Amul in terms of ratings on the features of the product.Sample size60 respondents from the target population were approached to fill in the questionnaire.Result and discussionThe decision in buying ice cream is influenced by many factors such as taste, availability, pricing, packaging, variety of the product , occasions and mood and so on.Results of the data analysis will be studied in two partsAn overall analysis of all the factors.A comparative analysis of the age groups to analyze the difference in their behavior due to different age.Overall analysisDemographics of the respondentsData was collected with appraise to four demographics of the sample age, gender, income groups and occupation. Based on the analysis, it was observed that 68% of respondents were in the age group 18-24 and 32% in the age group 25-40. One leash of the respondents were females. More than 50% of the samples were students owing to which the income range of less than 50000 Rs. bears the highest percentage in the income distribution. The following pie charts show the age, and income group distribution of the sampleConsumer behavior with respect to frequency of purchase and the occasions/moods leading the buying towards buying ice creamsThe frequency of purchasing of ice creams is high. 7% and 35% of the responde nts buy ice cream on a daily and weekly basis respectively. This implies that buying frequency for ice creams is fairly high. This influences the aim of involvement in looking for the alternatives each time the vendee consumes an ice-cream. The consumer is more or less habitual own interpretation? in purchasing the ice cream due to which the 2 steps in buying behavior become redundant as already mentioned earlier.By habitual, we mean routine to be more precise. This can be seen in the following pie-chart which shows the frequency of purchase. Restating the data, 7% of the respondents are buying on a daily basis and 35% are doing so weekly.In terms of mood in buying, people generally buy ice-cream without any reason when buying very frequently. If they buy occasionally then the occasions on which buying is carried out on the occasions as given belowThe samples are equally distributed over the occasions such as birthday, marriage, family outing, hanging out with friends, or part wit h the % of people consuming it with friends dominating the others.As far as choosing the flavor/brand of ice-cream is concerned, over 93% choose the flavor/brand themselves. It can be inferred that the influence of family and friends in choosing the ice-cream is very low and people go by their own choices while buying it. 5% of the people eat ice-cream flavors as decided by the family which may be the case when one is buying bricks of ice-cream. Rest 2% constitutes people who go by the friends choice in choosing the flavor/brand.Place of purchase and vastness attached to packagingMore than 50% of the consumers buy ice cream from the corner shop of their colony. It signifies the importance of distribution channels and the kind of availability they need to have to maintain to create a position in the market. If they go out of stock they are at the risk of losing their customers to other competitors. The data infers that availability of Ice-creams are high in round the corner shop and Super markets whereas Malls may afford to go loose on all time availability. Regarding the packaging, 93% place importance on the packaging of the ice-cream which again makes it important for the brands to have a very attractive packaging in order to attract the consumers.Factors forming an important consideration for trying a new product/flavorThere are various factors which lead to trying out a new product launched in the market and make repeated purchases. The following pie diagram shows the constitution of various factors that may lead to trying out and repeated a new flavor, brand or productIt can be seen that taste forms the to the highest degree important factor leading to buying of ice cream which is placed high than the brand name also. It reemphasizes the fact that brand name of the ice-cream is not the most important. If the consumer likes the taste of other product, one may shift to the other brand. The 2nd most important factor is advertising. Ice-cream brands are ge nerally low on their promotional strategies. However the importance of advertising with consumers is easily visible in the survey. For one quartern of the people, advertising is the force which leads them towards an ice-cream product. Most of the advertising for Ice-creams comes through billboards and hoardings and here Amul as a brand scores over others as the brand awareness of Amul is one the best. 2. Comparison of consumers favorite ice-cream and Amul ice-cream on various attributes We asked our sample to rate their favorite ice-cream vis a vis Amul ice-cream on various attributes such as taste, packaging, price, variety and availability on a scale of 5 where 1 was the worst and 5 was the best (out of bring samples 13 rated Amul as their favorite ice-cream also which is roughly 21% of the total samples). A comparative chart of the same is given belowStudying the linesTaste People rate their favorite ice-cream as approx 3.7 (average of all the samples collected) whereas rate th e Amul ice-cream as approx. 3.1. And as we saw that taste is the most important factor in find out the choice of consumers, how you can conclude this? Graph shows that Amul ice cream is dawdle behind in this attribute to quite a large extent as compared to other factors.In the previous question, we had asked the consumers close the factors which would lead them to try out a new product/flavour/brand. The response was in favour of taste with over 50% of the respondents going for the same. We took five tilts in that question and weve taken the same in the rating scale also. So using the data from above, weve concluded that from these five factors, taste is the highest influence in making the choice for ice cream.Packaging Favorite ice-cream stands at an average of approx 3.4 as against Amul ice cream which stands at 2.9. The company needs to diddle on its packaging also in order to attract the consumers.Price Amul ice cream fairs slight wagerer than the consumers favorite ice-cr eam. This is obvious as Amul is known for its lower range products. Kwality-walls among the other brands are known for slightly higher prices. Amul has been doing well on this front.Variety Favorite ice-cream is rated at 3.4 Vis a Vis Amul rated at 2.8 on this parameter. Though Amul offers a wide range of products, but maybe people are not aware approximately the variety of the Amul ice-creams. Amul needs to create awareness among the consumers on this front.Availability On the parameter of availability, people rate their favorite ice-cream as approx. 3.4 and Amul as 2.9. Amul has to ensure that it never goes out of stock due to the nature of buying behavior of the product.Awareness about other brands existing in the marketPeople are well aware about the brands in the market. Among the top 3 brands mentioned by the consumers, Amul and Kwality-walls feature the most among the two. For the 1st preference, Kwality-walls overtake the awareness whereas for the 2nd choice Kwality-walls a nd Amul stand at an equal rating. This is important from the point of view of Amul as the people who are variety seeking will switch over easily to the other brands if they are not happy with Amul.Among the brands that are well known to the customers, Amul, Kwality-walls and mother dairy are the most sought after brands. Other than these regulars brands, there are other brands such as Vadilal, havmor, Baskin Robbins, creambell, and others which constitute a small share in the market in terms of awareness level.Analysis with taking age, income (demographics) as the distinguishing factorsFor analyzing the difference in factors leading to buying behavior due to difference in age, we have already divided the samples into 2 age groups 18-24 and 24-40 years.Frequency of purchaseFollowing is a chart depicting the total sample of people on the parameter of frequency of purchase divided age wiseIt is clearly visible that 18-24 years consume ice-cream more frequently than the people in the ag e group of 25-40 years. 57% of people in the age group of 25-40 consume ice-cream occasionally which is only 31% in the case of the lower age group. On the other hand, the combined % of people consuming ice-cream on a weekly or daily basis for 24-40 year age group is only 25% as against 48% in case of 18-24 year olds with weekly intake leading for the same.Factors consuming new ice cream product, brand or flavorIt can be observed from the above table that number of people preferring taste is much higher in case of 18-24 year olds. Also people in the age group of 24-40 years dont consider packaging or cheaper price as a leading factor while considering a new product. This is an important observation as Amul mainly sells on the lower price strategy. If it is offering a lower priced product, it needs to work on packaging as large numbers of people give importance to packaging in this group (also shown in the following chat). However it may or may not work so much on packaging if it is introducing a new product/flavor in the higher end markets.Willingness to buy sugar free ice cream at a higher priceTo determine the level of health consciousness of the people and their willingness to buy the ice cream at a higher price if available, the data was collected, representation of which is given below70% of the people were not willing to buy the sugar free ice-cream at a higher price. This can be due to 2 factors always better to ask from the respondentspeople are less health consciouspeople are price sensitiveThe options given to determine the same would not have been exhaustive. Possible the open-ended question wouldnt have been of much use. But yes, it is certainly better to ask from the respondents and due care would be taken next time.To further judge this, we distributed this data age wise to which how many people in which age group are willing to buy the ice-cream at a higher price. The representation of the findings is given belowIn case of people in the age 25- 40 years, over 42% of the people are willing to buy the sugar free ice cream if available at a higher price. However this falls to 32%In case of the age group 18-24 years. This can be again attributed to 2 factorsPeople in the lower age group are less health conscious or they are earning less so they are price sensitive or both. People in the higher age group are more health conscious or they are earning more so they can afford higher prices.Miscellaneous remarks about Amul ice creams (optional in the survey)Amul is my favorite brand but more chocolate varieties are possible using different caramels and nuts.Its like since childhood I have an image that Kwality Walls is the best ice cream. Amul and Mother Dairy are my second best.They should come out with some good advertising campaigns for their ice creams and should really try out the social media to market their brand.It is good, but sometimes some flavors are out of market, especially mango flavor.The Amul ice cream should be re adily available and the variety should be more. Also the marketing is very poor we do not see much.Amul seems to be a brand for common men the lay class, very well placed to cater to middle class people the biggest chunk of Indian populationalthough not very popular among the higher classThese remarks about Amul ice cream highlight the fact that we have been saying all throughout out analysis. The variety in some products of Amul is not at par with the other brands or the needs of the consumers. The availability is on a lower side due to which some of the samples complained of the brand getting out of stock. Also the level of awareness of the ice creams of Amul among the consumers is very less due to which it suffers a lot. Amul needs to go aggressive on its promotion strategies so that it can expand its market share and perform well.ConclusionFrom the above survey, we can conclude that major factors affecting Consumer behavior are Taste, Price, Packaging, Brand Perception and oc casion. As Ice-cream is a variety seeking product, therefore the availability of Amul Ice-cream has a major impact on the actual consumption by the consumers and since Amul is very close to the market leader Kwality-walls. It has to take care of availability especially at round the corner stores and super markets where the sales of Ice-cream are maximum.Taste is considered the most important factor in determining the consumer behavior as per the survey. Amul Ice-cream is lagging behind in Taste as per the consumer perception when compared to Market leader.Attitude of the consumer is favorable towards Amul Ice cream and this can be seen through the comparative analysis of different brands in the market. Part of it can be attributed to Amuls brand perception across all the product categories countrywide.There is no significant difference in behavior towards purchasing Ice cream based on gender but the younger age group prefers to eat ice cream more than their older counterparts. Since most of the younger age group also falls in relatively lower income group, this shows the higher consumption trends by low income group in survey.

Characteristics Of Bullying Behavior Psychology Essay

Characteristics Of Bullying Behavior Psychology EssayThe behavior of blustering(a) carries a significant social, financial and a aesculapian cost for its victims as well as perpetrators. Data demonstrates it to be a highly prevalent behavior, with powerful and long lasting psychological and social clash 1. It crosses boundaries of age, gender, ethnic, and other sociodemographic categories, and has been shown to occur within settings as different as elementary school and corporate boardrooms 2. Involvement in blusterous can impair and rase the quality of life for both victims and perpetrators. This is underscored with work done by Connoly and colleagues 3 that showed children who bully at higher(prenominal) luck of developing difficult relationship problems as adults. The detriment of browbeat has been shown to be associated with severe and chronic psychiatric pathology, including mood and anxiety disorders, including PTSD, alcoholic beverageic drink and drug aversion as wel l as personality disorders 4. The almost alarming sequela of bullying is its association with increase risk of suicidal behavior 5. Thus, given the high cost of this behavioral phenomena, bullying should be approached with a collaborative, multidisciplinary struggle as a prevalent source of severe trauma, with very high individual and social costs 5.DefinitionThe definition of bullying is by no means monolithic, with nuances varying between different lookers, and socio-demographic settings. The principal, overarching framework of the definition of bullying, is established and accepted by the community of researchers involved with this subject matter. Olweus et. al 6 defines bullying as a specific form of aggression, which is lettered, repeated, and involves a disparity of power between the victim and perpetrators. This aggression can be physical, verbal, gestural or through intentional exclusion from a group, without apparent provocation on the part of the person universe targe ted. What sets bullying apart from other forms of abuse, such as child abuse and domestic violence, is the social context in which it occurs and the imbalanced power relationship of the parties involved 6.Demographics and characteristics of bullying behaviorWang and colleagues 7 recently showed that among US adolescents, the prevalence of having bullied others or having been bullied at school for at least once in the last 2 months were 20.8% physically, 53.6% verbally, 51.4% socially, or 13.6% electronically. Males were more than involved in physical or verbal bullying, whereas girls were more involved in relational bullying. Boys were more plausibly to be cyber bullies, whereas girls were more likely to be cyber bullying victims. Compared with 6th graders, 9th and10th graders were less involved in bullying for physical (bullies, victims, or bully-victims), verbal (victims or bully-victims), relational (victims or bully-victims), or cyber form (bullies). African-American adolescen ts were involved in more bullying (physical, verbal, or cyber) only less victimisation (verbal or relational). Higher parental support was associated with less involvement across all forms of bullying. Having more friends was associated with more bullying and less victimization for physical, verbal, and relational forms but was non associated with cyber bullying. Lemstra et al. 8 investigated bullying in 4,197 youth subjects in which 23% reported universe physically bullied at least once or twice in the previous four weeks. They demonstrated that being male, attending a school in a low-income neighborhood, perception of having unhappy home life, arguments with parents and sense of touch like leaving home have been establish to be associated.It is also important to recognize that bullying affects people other than children and adolescents at school setting. Murhtar and colleagues 9 found that almost 70% of medical students in their study had experienced some form of bullying in the past 6 months. Balducci et al. 10 demonstrated that bullying is a prevalent behavior in a workplace, and study of Norwegian workforce by Nielsen and colleagues 11 have show that almost 5% of people see themselves as victims of bullying, with nearly 7% report that they are exposed to a high degree of bullying behaviors, and 1% are exposed to sever bullying.Bullying and unsafe BehaviorAs previously mentioned, the most striking and dire outcome of bullying for both victims and perpetrators is an increased risk of suicidal ideation, attempts and completed suicide shown to be associated with this behavior. A study that involved 838 youth in 9th-12th grades attending public high school demonstrated that subjects involved in bullying as a perpetrator, victim, or victim-perpetrator were more likely than controls to report having seriously considered or attempted suicide within the past year 12. Fisher and colleagues 13 demonstrated in duplicate studies that exposure to frequent bullyi ng predicted higher rates of self injurious behavior even after controlling for pre-morbid emotional, behavioral problems and environmental risk factors. A study by Winsper et al. 14 showed that pre-adolescence subjects involved in bullying, especially in the role of being both a bully and a victim were at increased risk for suicidal ideation, suicidal and self-injurious behavior. Some data suggests thathrough novel or worsening psychopathology. Brunstein and colleagues 15 suggested that bullying behavior in the absence of drop-off or suicidality is not an independent risk factor, but rather amplifies inherent risk of suicidal behavior associated with depression.Intro to bullying and psychiatric pathologyWhether or not bullying increases the risk of suicidal and self-injurious behavior directly, it is important to report that it is positively and directly correlated with different psychiatric conditions. Kumpulainen et al. 4 showed that young subjects involvement in bullying, are m ore likely to struggle with disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, depression, anxiety, and personality disorders.Bullying and depressionMultiple studies have demonstrated a clear correlation between involvement in bullying and a higher risk of developing a depressive disorder. Lemstra and colleagues 16 showed that children who were physically bullied multiple times per week were 80% more likely to develop symptoms of depression in comparison to children who never experienced bullying. A retrospective study by Lund et al. 17 claimed that adult men with a self reported history of being bullied at school were significantly more likely of being diagnosed with a depressive disorder later in life and a prospective study that looked at 2348 boys 18 demonstrated that boys who were both perpetrators and victims of bullying were at higher risk for developing depression, and suicidal behavior later in life.Bullying and PTSDBullying, although not considered to be a form of acute trauma, has also been shown to be associated with symptoms of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 19. Positive correlation between symptoms of PTSD and exposure to bullying were demonstrated among subjects who experienced bullying at work 20. Another study that attempted to assess prevalence and intensity of PTSD symptomatology among victims of bullying at work, and tried to show whether victims of bullying were more vulnerable to other distressing life events demonstrated that more than 70% of bully victims developed symptoms of PTSD, and displayed a moderate or severe legal injury in social functioning 21.Bullying and other anxiety disordersPeople involved in bullying appear to be at a higher risk of an anxiety disorders other than PTSD. One study demonstrated that social phobia, obsessive compulsive disorder and panic disorder were all positively associated with severe teasing and bullying experiences 22. Kumpulainen et al. 23 showed that among children victims of bully ing anxiety symptoms were as frequent as 8.7% a number that is significantly higher than controls. Another study demonstrated that being a bully, victim of bullying, or having a role of being both a bully and victim in preadolescence (age period 1012) significantly predicted training of anxiety symptoms in adolescence (age period 1017 years) 24. Data also supports a strong , positive correlation between involvement in bullying and development in anxiety symptoms in younger children, in grades five through eight 25, and students age12-17 26.Bullying and substance and alcohol abuse and dependenceFinally, research has consistently demonstrated that subjects involved in bullying are more likely to use alcohol and illicit psychoactive substances. In one bighearted sample, it was shown that substance use and bullying behaviors co-occurred among 5.4% of adolescents in the United States 27. Another study, a nationally representative survey of U.S. children in 6th10th grades, found that al cohol use was associated with increased odds of bullying 28. A study that consisted of adolescents aged 1217, who were admitted to an inpatient psychiatry unit showed that the use of any substance (i.e.,tobacco, alcohol and drugs) was generally more common among bullies 29. Finally, a large study based on schoolchildren demonstrated that students who were engaged in bullying were more likely to be smokers and to have had a history of alcohol use 30.

Superstructure Preliminary Design Report

Super social organization Preliminary Design ReportTwo superstructure soma options for the wargonhouse expect been considered and discussed for the chosen layout, for the first number which is a portal frame and the other is a trusses structure. And all the materials were used in marquework which are in S355.Design option angiotensin converting enzymeFor this design option, simple portal frame are used as the main structural design and the frame contains 10 bays, each of them are 6m full(a) and 17m total length. This give a total line of business of 102m2 per bay which is satisfy the minimum requirement of the bay area of 85m2 at the lineage of the design brief. The crown of the nip of the column is 6m and the highest point of the roof is 6.9m which is using 6 degrees for designing the portal frame and which is satisfies the minimum blow out of the water to ceiling height of 6m at the beginning of the design brief as well.For the Section sizing, Loading calculations have been completed, and a size for each member has been chosen establish on the sends acting on the structure. For the furnish, all secondary beams, (this includes the beams between columns, and the ridge beam), a section size of 356x171x45 UKB has been chosen. It has been assumed that the columns are unrestrained this select may be revise in the future. Under this assumption, along with the loading conditions, a section size of 533x210x22 UKB has been chosen for each column.Moreover, the diagonal cross spacing was used for the bracing design in order to maintain the stability of the whole structure under the wind loading and has been sized by using the load calculation conditions, a section size of 60x60x8 UKA has been chosen for all bracing on the roof. Furthermore, haunches with 10% of the span of the rafter long which to touch between each column and the deferral of the rafter which mainly use to obtain the effect of hogging.AdvantagesThe main braces of the structure located on the roof of the portal frame that gives more orchestra pit in between columns. In other words, it gives more options for the locations of the gates for the lorries to drop off. On the other hand, more fire exit can be set.As the roof make angles with both front and side of the structure, the brace on the roof can undertake wind pressure in both directions. In which, less brace is held in front and side of it. This cost less time and cost to construct.The whole structure is design to make with sword beams. This gives the structure with higher strength compare with concrete beams and columns.Between columns and columns, they have equal situations. This led them to share the same measuring rod to compression. The columns will share the same fracture during deformation. Easier approximation while the structure collapses.As each portal frame share the same structure, it spends less time to construct.Pin joints are used as the support on the bottom of each columns instead of fixed s upport, the columns of the structure undergo lesser banding moments.A good brace is held on the run low part of the structure, it supports the brace on the roof. In other words, the materials use to make brace on the roof can be reduced.Two extra columns have been placed at both ends of the portal frame in order to support the end-span, as both end-spans do not have secondary beams each side to help stabilise the rafters in these sections.DisadvantagesWhile the main braces are on the top of the roof, the columns have to support higher load.The only vertical brace may block the space in between the columns. The main entrance may have to move.Design option twoThe second design option utilises a Pratt-pattern truss between the columns of each bay to replace a rafter with a haunch. Same as the first design, the frame contains 8 bays, each 6m wide and with a total length of 17m giving a total area of 102m2 per bay which is satisfy the minimum requirement of the bay area of 85m2 at the beginning of the design brief. The height of the top of the column is 6m and the highest point of the roof is 6.9m which is using 6 degrees for designing the portal frame and which is satisfies the minimum floor to ceiling height of 6m at the beginning of the design brief as well.This design has no bracing as the truss can be impart for the lateral load to maintain the stability of the structure, attained from the use of a truss is sufficient enough to invalidate the use of bracing elsewhere in this particular design. Two extra columns have been placed at both end trusses in order to support the end-span, as both end-spans do not have secondary beams at either side of the truss to help stabilise them. The struts in the trusses are to be connected to the tie beam and rafter using gusset plates and bolts and the bracing attached to the rafters using the same method.For the Section sizing, Loading calculations have been completed, and a size for each member has been chosen based on t he loads acting on the structure. For the rafter, all secondary beams, (this includes the beams between columns, and the ridge beam), a section size of 356x171x45 UKB has been chosen. It has been assumed that the columns are unrestrained this choice may be revised in the future. Under this assumption, along with the loading conditions, a section size of 533x210x22 UKB has been chosen for each column.AdvantagesThe design has large amount of trusses set on top of the structure. It can from the side of the structure.The whole structure is design to make with steel beams. This gives the structure with higher strength compare with concrete beams and columns.As no vertical brace with the structure to the bottom, this allow extra lorry loading gates. Other than that, flexible fire exits can be set. enough spacing within columns and columns, this lead to share the same amount to compression. The columns will share the same displacement during deformation. Easier approximation while the stru cture collapses.Pin joints are used as the support on the bottom of each columns instead of fixed support, the columns of the structure undergo lesser banding moments.DisadvantagesAs the trusses held on the top of the structure, it gives extra load on the column. Thicker columns have to be used.The cost is relatively high due to the following reasons-Lot of connections with that trusses-More materials are used-More complied structure, harder to constructWhile space on the upper part uses as trusses, lesser goods can be stored, it may decrease the efficiency of the portal frame.Construction is time consuming as it has complicated structure.The calculations of the initial loading inputBasic setDetermine the basic wind velocity(For simplification the directional component part cdir and the seasonal factor cseason are in general equal to 1.0)2 Basic velocity pressureWhere 2Peak Pressure unhurriedness of = (mean wind velocity)Where , 2 Calculation of turbulence intensity(So,Imposed l oadWind load(0 degree)Roof cladding, insulation and servicesSnow loadUKC 533x210x92 (Unrestrained column)UKB 356x171x45 (Rafter secondary beam)UKA 60x60x8 (bracing)magnitude0.60.8711.50.692457.09 building blockkN/m2kN/m3kN/m2kN/m2kg/mkg/mkg/mlength4.8m4.8m4.8m4.8m6m8.5475m10.443mInitial load2.88 kN/m4.181kN/m7.2kN/m2.88kN/m5.41512kN0.44145kN0.06955kNCombination variantVariablePermanentPermanentPermanentPropertiesUnfavorablefavorablecharacteristic values 11.51.51.11.51.10.91.35characteristic values 21.51.51.351.51.3511.35characteristic values 31.31.311.3111.5Total load 14.32 kN/m6.270912 kN/m7.92 kN/m4.32kN/m5.956632 kN0.397305 kN0.093896415 kNTotal load 24.32 kN/m6.270912 kN/m9.72 kN/m4.32 kN/m7.310412 kN0.44145 kN0.093896415 kNTotal load 33.744 kN/m5.4347904 kN/m7.2 kN/m3.744 kN/m5.41512 kN0.44145 kN0.10432935 kNAll the load calculation was took the total load 2 which got the largest value for the worst case.The approximate price calculations for both designsDesign 1The following t able shows the materials used of the designsizing of steelLength(m) cadence economic consumptionUB 533x210x92622ColumnUB 356x171x458.5475122RoofUB 356x171x454.830RoofUA 60x60x89.840braceUA 60x60x87.683754braceTotal weightSize of steelkg/mTotal length(m)Total weightUB 533x210x9292.113212157.2UB 356x171x4545332.0452214942.0349UA 60x60x87.0895363799.704Total weight of steel=30900kg= 34ton presume price of steel is 700 per ton, cost of the steel used = 23800Other than that, joints within the structure are also coincided.M16 bolts in each jointNumber of jointsTotal number of M16 bolts81401120Assuming price of each M16 bolt is 2, cost of bolts used =2240Total cost of the structure is around 26040Design 2Size of steelLength(m)QuantityUsageUB 533x210x92622columnUB 356x171x454.840 obligateUB 356x171x451.7110 moorUB 356x171x458.622TrussUB 356x171x452.322TrussUB 356x171x452.422TrussUB 356x171x452.522TrussUB 356x171x452.722TrussUB 356x171x452.822TrussUB 356x171x451.722TrussUB 356x171x451.922Tru ssUB 356x171x45222TrussUB 356x171x452.222TrussUB 356x171x452.411TrussSize of steelkg/mTotal length(m)Total weightUB 533x210x9292.113212157.2UB 356x171x45451045.647052Total weight of steel = 59200kg =65.26 tonAssuming price of steel is 700 per ton, price of the steel used = 45700Other than that, joints within the structure are also coincided.M16 bolts in each jointNumber of jointsTotal number of M16 bolts82421936Assuming price of each M16 bolt is 2, cost of bolts used =3872Total cost of the structure is around 3872.End of paper

Biogram Of Nathaniel Hawthorn, How His Life Relates To Scarlet Letter :: essays research papers

BIOGRAMThe man Nathaniel Hawthorne, an author of the nineteenth century, was born in 1804, in Salem, Massachusetts. It was there that he lived a poverty-stricken childhood without the financial support of a father, because he had passed away in 1808. Hawthorne was raised strictly Puritan, his great-grandfather had even been unrivaled of the judges in the Puritan witchcraft trials during the 1600s. This and Hawthornes destitute upbringing advanced his understanding of human nature and distress felt by social, religious, and frugal inequities. Hawthorne was a private individual who fancied solitude with family friends. He was also very devoted to his craft of writing. Hawthorne observed the decay of Puritanism with opposition believing that is was a mans responsibility to pursue the highest truth and possessed a strong moral sense. These aspects of Hawthornes philosophy are what drove him to write closely and even become a part of an experiment in social reform, in a utopian colony at Brook Farm. He believed that the Puritans obsession with original sin and their ironhandedness undermined instead of reinforced virtue. As a technician, Hawthornes style in literature was abundantly allegorical, using the characters and plot to acquire a connection and to show a moral lesson. His definition of romanticism was writing to show truths, which need not relate to history or reality. Human vice and sorrow were the romantic topics, which Hawthorne focused on most, using them to finesse his characters and setting to exalt good and illustrate the horrors of immorality. Nathaniel Hawthornes experiences as a man, incite as a philosopher and skill as a technician can be seen when reading The Scarlet Letter.The man, Nathaniel Hawthornes religious background, seclusion from decree, and devotion to his craft can be related to his novel The Scarlet Letter. His religious upbringing as a Puritan is what gave him the knowledge to write about Bostons Puritan society in his novel. Hawthornes great-grandfather, who one of the judges at the Puritan witchcraft trials, was like the magistrates of The Scarlet Letter that attempted to make a society that would be a Utopia of human virtue and happiness. A further parallel erect between Hawthornes life and the novel is the element of seclusion found in each. Hawthorne secluded himself from society with his few family members and close friends. In the same way Hester Prynne was secluded from society in her little, lonesome dwelling that stood on the shore, looking at across a basin of the sea at the forest-covered hills toward the west out of the circle of the town.

Charles Lindbergh Biography :: Essays Papers

Charles Lindbergh BiographyMy biography is on Charles Augustus Lindbergh. He is most famous for his nonstop alone flight across the Atlantic Ocean. In the next paragraph I will be telling you about some of the things that he is famous for. His invigoration is more interesting than most people think. If anything I would say that he is the most famous pilot in the world, or at least he should be. Charles was a pilot, inverter, and an environmentalist. He was born on February forth of nineteen o two in Detroit Michigan. His father was a Minnesota congressman. He studied automatic engineering for two years at the university of Wisconsin and left in nineteen twenty-two to enroll in flight school. In nineteen twenty-three he bought a war surplus training plane and worked as a barnstormer and as a traveling stunt flier. In nineteen 25 he completed army flight training. After flight school he worked as an airmail pilot, only to become the chief pilot for the passage between St. Louis to Chicago. In nineteen twenty-nine he married Anne Morrow. The daughter of the United States ambassador to Mexico, Dwight Morrow.Some of Charles Lindberghs achievements are the following. His most famous achievement was in nineteen twenty-seven, when he made the worlds first nonstop, solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean. One of his other famous achievements was in nineteen twenty-seven when he made an unprecedented nonstop solo flight from Washington D.C. to Mexico City. He is also famous for being a great pilot. The main reason that I picked Charles Lindbergh to do my biography on is because I was goofing around on the biography web site and I typed in my birthday and apparently Charles Lindbergh has the same birthday as me.Another reason that I picked Charles Lindbergh is because I like airplanes and since Charles Lindbergh was the most famous pilot of all time, I decided, ah what the heck.